Forms and Function

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Forms and Function

Internal and External Forces

Internal

shear

tears the structure in opposite parallel directions

torsion

twists structure

tension and compression

when too many books are placed on a shelf the shelf bends resulting in tension and compression

Compression

squashes structures resulting in decreased length

Tension

stretches structures resulting in increased length

External

dead loads

the weight of the materials used to build the structure

live loads

objects on or within structure

impact forces

strong winds

affect structure from outside

Stability and Center of Gravity

Center of Gravity

unstable structures like the tower of pisa's center of gravity is inside but not centered over the support base

stable structures can have their center of gravity outside or not centered over the support base

Stability

a stable structure can support a live load and the support base/points are not altered

a structure can become unstable if it can not support the live load

a chair may become unstable if a chair leg is lifted above the ground

Design Features

Joints

rigid joints prevent movement

mobile joints allow movement

any place where pieces are held together

Material

composite materials are using two different materials to use both benifits

chosen based on strength needed, environment etc

Shape

triangular shapes are strong

corrugations increase strength in structure

used to spread force

made to withstand forces

Function

may need to support humans, support wind etc

consider location

what the structure is supposed to do

Types of Structures

Shell

egg cartons, food cans, pipes

little building material

strong, hollow

Frame

homes, snowshoes

lightweight designs need to be fastened to ground

skeleton of strong material

Mass

snow sculptures, dams, mountains

held in place by own weight

built by piling materials