Categorii: Tot - insurance - responsibility - safety - disasters

realizată de Maria Zryd 13 ani în urmă

764

Man-made risk

The literature on man-made risks explores the complexities of living in a modern world where technological advancements and industrial activities pose significant threats. These texts examine the evolution of societal understanding of risk, highlighting the shift in cultural perspectives on insurance, responsibility, and safety.

Man-made risk

MAN-MADE RISK

References

Adam, Barbara, Beck, Ulrich & Loon, Joost van (red.) (2000). The risk society and beyond: critical issues for social theory. London: SAGE

Alexander, Jeffrey C. – Smith, Philip. (1996). Social Science and Salvation: Risk Society as Mythical Discourse. Vol. 4. Zeitschrift für Soziologie.

Baker, Tom & Simon, Jonathan (red.) (2002). Embracing risk: the changing culture of insurance and responsibility. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press

Beck, Ulrich (1992). Risk society: towards a new modernity. London: Sage

Beck, Ulrich (1999). World risk society. Cambridge: Polity Press

Bickerstaff, Karen – Walker, Gordon. (2002). Risk, responsibility, and blame: an analysis of vocabularies of motive in air-pollution(ing) discourses. Environment and Planning A, volume 34, pages 2175-2192

Bovens, Mark (1998). The quest for responsibility: accountability and citizenship in complex organisations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Douglas, Mary (1992). Risk and blame: essays in cultural theory. London: Routledge

Giddens, Anthony. ”Risk and Responsibility” i The Modern Law Review Vol. 62, No. 1 (1999) s. 1-10

Hubbard, Douglas W. (2009). The failure of risk management: why it's broken and how to fix it. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley

Jonas, Hans (1984). The imperative of responsibility: in search of an ethics for the technological age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Mythen, Gabe (2004). Ulrich Beck: a critical introduction to the risk society. London: Pluto

Perrow, Charles (1999). Normal accidents: living with high-risk technologies. [Rev. ed.] Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Perrow, Charles (2007). The next catastrophe: reducing our vulnerabilities to natural, industrial and terrorist disasters. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press

Sagan, Scott Douglas (1993). The limits of safety: organizations, accidents and nuclear weapons.

Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press

Sunstein, Cass R. (2002). Risk and reason: safety, law, and the environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Turner, Barry A. & Pidgeon, Nick F. (1997). Man-made disasters. 2. ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann

Wildavsky, Aaron B. (1988). Searching for safety. New Brunswick: Transaction Books

JUSTICE

Legislation
Effective?
Sufficient?
Accountability/Liability

Bovens: accountability as...

Individual

Collective

Hierarchical

Corporate

System/structure

Media

No one/everyone, "humanity"

MNCs, Companies

NGOs

UN etc

Morality
Responsibility

Bovens: responsibility as...

Virtue

Active responsibility

Task

Capacity

Accountability

Passive responsibility

Cause

Jonas: "Being" vs "Ought to be"

Self-chosen responsibility

Natural & contractual responsibility

Substantive responsibility

Formal responsibility

Snook: Diffusion of responsibility

Fallacy of social redundancy

Douglas: Blame

Credibility

Authorities

Beck: Organized irresposibility

Main topic

KNOWLEDGE

Information
Power

Experts vs. Public

Access to information
Decision making

Multi-criteria decision theory, MCDM

Organizational structure
Communication
Paradigm
Focus on safety
Separation natural &man-made
Now: high risk=high danger
Real/unreal
Subjective

Social constructivism

Mediators

Nation states

Organizations

Individuals

Mass media

Identity

Mythical discourses

Discourse of nature as non-violent

Discourse of security

Apocalyptic discourse

Death

Anxiety

Fear

Objective

Risk management

Wildavsky: searching for safety

Increased safety may increase danger

Hubbard: failure?

Solution?

Focus on community

Adopting the language

4 "horsemen"

Management consultants

Economists

War quants

Actuaries

Hubbard: Risk mitigation

Retain

Transfer

Reduce

Avoid

Hubbard: major problems

Incentive structures

Institutional factors

Incorrect models

Subjective methods

Human errors

Conceptional confusion

Risk calculation

Rationality

Stratification methods

Scoring methods

Probability

Cost-benefit analysis

Precautionary principle

Optimism

High Reliability Theory, HRT

HR-organizations failure free

Trial-& error learning

Collecitve mind

Neutrality

Maximizing Expected Utility, MEU

Pessimism

Normal Accidents Theory, NAT

Perrow: Technological disasters inevitable

Couplings

Tight

Time-dependent processes

Loose

Complex/linear interactions

Organized anarchies

Worst -case scenario

Actual accidents

Combinations natural & man-made

Turner: Origins

Chemical/biological

Explosions/fires

Collapse of structures

Impacts

War purpose

Consequences

"Unknown"

Environment

Human beings

Animal life

Hidden/visible

Expert knowledge

1st hand vs 2nd hand experience

TIME

Turner: Incubation period
Permanent?
Autonomous from history?

SPACE

Global spread
International spread
Regional spread
Local spread
Individual spread
Human activity
Natural risks autonomous?

THEORY

Beck: Risk society thesis
Critique

Euro centrism

Risk society?

Empirical evidence?

Universalistic claims

Origin

Reflexive modernization

Labor

Gender

Class

Wealth

Characteristics

Modernization risk

Double shock

Long time-span

From personal to global

Failure of security management

Individualization

Giddens: External risk
Insurable
Pre-industrial
Unknown but regular
Douglas: Cultural theory
Blame
Social structure
Religion

Western Christianity

"Sin"

DEFINITION

Risk as expected loss
Risk as volatility/variance
Future
Uncertainty

Sagan: "Expecting the unexpected"

Risk-taking
Risk seeking

Risk as opportunity

Neo-liberalism/conservatism

Economic prosperity

Social development

Embracing risk

Risk neutrality
Risk aversion

System theory

Industrialization

Capitalism

Risk as danger

Too complex?