Sample Mind Map

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Living Organisms

după Amrit Sidhu

The Characteristics of Life

după martyna Pacula

Domain Bacteria

după Holly schomaker

Evolution: Natural Selection

după Karissa Nicholson

MICROBIAL GROUP

VIRUSES

Biological warfare

Mostly disease causing in human, animals and plants

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VIRUS AND OTHER

a. Presence of either DNA or RNA b. Inability to reproduce independent of cells c. Inability to carry out cell division as procaryotes and eucaryotes

cannot replicate outside living cell

obligate intracellular parasites

PROKARYOTES

BACTERIA

Photoautotrophs Chemotrophs Autotrophs Heterotrophs

Reproduction: Binary fission. Shorter generation time quick evolution higher mutation rate

Cellular organization: DNA not enclosed in membrane, no other membrane bound compartments, genome 1/1000 smaller than eucaryotic genome

Various morphology

Bioremediation

Symbiotic relationships - Interactions: commensalism, parasitism, mutualism - e.g. N fixing bacteria provide source of N for plants - e.g. Cause various kinds of diseases e.g. tuberculosis, pneumonia, cholera

Recycling of chemical components

To remove detrimental pollutants from the environment

EUKARYOTES

PROTOZOA

Mutualistic relationship (both organisms benefit) e.g. with ruminants - Degradation of fibrous plant materials releasing energy and VFA for growth of animals - Major barrier to the passage of pathogens through the digestive tract of ruminants

Parasitic relationship (cause harm to host) - Zooflagellate Trypanosoma (African Sleeping Sickness in humans) - Sporozoans: Plasmodium causes Malaria

In the marine food chain - Zooplankton (protozoans) ingest phytoplankton and bacteria - Influence the C and N cycle in oceans - A link for primary production and higher levels in the food chain.

TYPE OF PROTOZOA

Ciliophora

Ciliated and 2 types of nuclei

-Labyrinthomorpha -Apicomplexa -Microspora -Ascetospora -Myxozoa

Saprozoic or parasitic sp.

Sarcomastigophora

Flagellates and amoebae; single type of nucleus

Distribution: moist habitat, mostly free living in freshwater or marine, some terrestrial (soil)

Eucaryotic cells but unicellular

Motile eucaryotic unicellular protist

ALGAE

Algal bloom

Production of neurotoxin by algae

Disrupt higher links of local food web

as human food or to make various products

food base for marine food chains -Phytoplankton convert CO2 into protoplasm -->consumed by zooplankton --> crustaceans --> fishes --> humans

Human food e.g. sushi

provide habitat for marine communities

DISTRIBUTION

PRIMARILY AQUATIC

Neustonic

Benthic

Planktonic

Photoautotrophic

Differences with other photosynthetic eucaryotes

Eucaryotic + chlorophyll and pigments

Simple “aquatic plants”

MOLDS

TYPE OF MOLD

Oomycota (Water molds)

Sexual reproduction: Oogonium fertilized by sperm cell/ antheridium to zygote to germinates to asexual zoospores with flagella

Acrasiomycota (Cellular slime molds)

individual amoeboid cells (unicellular) - feed phagocytically

cellular slime molds

Myxomycota (Plasmodial slime molds)

Characteristics

phagocytosized dead material

motile amoeboid mass called plasmodium (lack of cell wall)

saprophytes

viscous masses of slime

Cause diseases in plants e.g. tobacco plants, potatoes, grapes

As decomposer and consumer in the ecosystem

Engulf bacteria (as predator)

Moist terrestrial habitats e.g. soil, decaying wood, dung and etc.

FUNGI

CHARACTERISTICS

multicellular except yeast

spores bearer

nutrient stored-glycogen

cell wall-chitin

no cholorophyll

TYPE OF FUNGI

Ascomycetes-sac

Zycomycota-zygote

Chytridimycota-chytrid

Basidiomycetes-club

ECOLOGICAL ROLE

FUNGI TO MODIFY HABITAT

Lichens inhabit inhospitable places and make habitat suitable for life

FUNGI AS DECOMPOSER

Recycling carbon, nitrogen and other elements to the ecosystem

Reduce complex polysaccharides and proteins into simple organic compounds and use by other

FUNGI AS SPOILER

Decompose food, wood and etc.

HELP IN IMPROVE GROWTH

Mycorrhizae

FUNGI AS PATHOGENS

causes ringworm,carcinogens,aflatoxin

FUNGI AS FOOD