The War of Independence

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Michael Collins

There was an ambush in Béal Na Bláth on 22nd August 1922 and he was shot and killed.

Collins was one of the signatories of the treaty and was pro-Free State during the civil War

The British Government placed a £10,000 reward on his head but he was never caught

His squad also known as 'The Twelve Apostles' were a specifically trained group of gunmen who were employed on a permanent basis. The Squad assassinated 'The Cairo Gang' causing Bloody Sunday-21st November 1920.

He was made Director of Intelligence and had a spy network all over Ireland during the War.

In april 1919 he was made Minister For Finance-paid for the government and the Dáil and the Squad

He was elected to the Supreme Council of the IRB

He was released and joined Sinn Féin in 1916

He was sent to Frongoch prison in Wales.

He was second in command to Plunkett in the GPO.

He was arrested in the rising

He came back to Ireland for the 1916 Rising.

He was Treasurer of the IRB in England.

He strongly believed in the Physical Force Tradition

He was elected secretary of The Gaelic League and was a GAA member

Government of Ireland Act-1920

IRA continued campaigning in the North until the Civil War

At the Harland and Woolfe shipyard, Catholics lost their jobs

Catholic riots-more Catholics killed than protestants. Sectarianism.

Gerrymandering-Rearranging local electoral wards to ensure that Unionists had the majority of seats to control local council-most housing allocated to protestants-favoured protestants for employment.

1922-Special Powers Act-IRA members imprisoned without trial-internment.

Royal Ulster Constabulary-police force and B-Specials (reserve force)-treated catholics very poorly

Unionists were opposed to a united Ireland-fear they would be discriminated against by catholics.

Partitioned the country-FATDAD

James Craig-first Prime Minister

Each parliament had control over domestic affairs but the English controlled defense etc

On 23rd December 1920 the act was passed which set up Home Rule parliaments in Dublin and Belfast.

The War

In June after The King called for the end of killing in Ireland. Lloyd George asked for a truce and him and De Valera came to negotiate a Truce.

In July 1921 De Valera went to Downing Street

Eamon De Valera returned and wanted big scale events. Collins disagreed but he agreed later and on the 25th May 1921 The IRA attacked the Custom House, a British symbol in Ireland. Over 80 of the 100 who took part were either arrested or killed.

The Crossbarry Ambush-19th March 1921 in County Cork, over 100 IRA members escaped 13000 British troops. 10-40 British troops killed and 3-6 IRA members killed.

December 11th-Auxilary rampaged through Cork and burned it down in retaliation for the Dillon's Cross Ambush which killed a RIC member

This embarrassed the British government.

The Kilmichael Ambush was an ambush in County Cork on 28th November 1920 carried out by 36 members of the IRA led by Tom Barry killed 17 Auxilary members.

The British brought in new Intelligence men nicknamed 'The Cairo Gang,'. This put the IRA in danger and they were eliminated.

Bloody Sunday-21st November 1920, The Black and Tans shot 14 people at Croke Park. Michael Hogan (The Hogan Stand) was shot.

This once again brought international attention including by The King.

30 people were shot by the end of the day.

Dick McKee and Peadar Clancy members of the Ira were arrested and later killed in Dublin Castle.

Kevin Barry was the first Irish Republican to be executed by the british since the rising. He was involved in an incident which resulted in the deaths of 3 British soldiers. He was 18 years old and a medical student.

This brought worldwide attention and The US and the Vatican tried to secure a reprieve.

Terence McSwiney who replaced MacCurtain as Lord Mayor died in October 1920 on hunger strike after 74 days in Ireland.

His writings inspired Indian nationalists such as Bhagat Singh and Mohammad Gandhi. Ho Chin Minh also praised him.

His funeral was a huge event and people in Cork lined the streets.

This turned the local population against the Briish

On 20th March 1920 Thomas MacCurtain, Sinn Fein Lord Mayor of Cork is shot by RIC members

Houses and creameries were burned by the reprisals.

David Lloyd George-the British prime minister at this time.

The Auxilary Decision- former British officers operate in counter insurgency units independent of the RIC.

formed on July 20th

many RIC members left because it was too dangerous

The Black and tans are mainly former soldiers who are assisting the RIC in their work.

paid 10 shillings.

over 13,000 Black and Tans went to Ireland

this was the brainchild of Winston Churchill

then British secretary of state for war

wore a mixture of RIC and military uniforms.

many young men were unemployed after the war and joined the RIC.

Around 200 dropped out a month

Flying Columns-20-80 men who would move from place to place to carry out missions. The british found it hard to find the culprits as they would blend in with the local population.

hit and run-guerilla tactics.

On the same day of the Dáil an ambush of the RIC took place in Soloheadbag, Tipperary. 2 people killed and this was supposedly the first shots of the War of Independence

Murdered by Daniel Breen and Seán Treacy.

The Rise of Sinn Féin

They started to focus on guerilla warfare- ambushes and hit and run

The IRA started using hit and run tactics on the RIC stations.

Organised by Michael Collins. the director of intelligence.

The First Dáil Éireann met in the Mansion House on 21st January 1919 but only 29 were there as the other 44 were in jail or on the run from the law.

Michael Collins-Minister For Finance

Head of IRB.

This is also how he paid for his death squad.

Michael Collins organised a Dáil loan to raise money for the government.

Cathal Brugha-Minister of Defence.

Eamon De Valera-president of the Dáil

Many County councils supported the Dáíl

Volunteers acted as police

They set up Sinn Féin courts

They sent a message to The Nations of The World to recognise an independent Ireland

They set out a programme of social reforms

They declared independence

"fé ghlas ag gallaibh."

Sinn Féin did abstentionism and refused to take their seats in Westminister. Instead they set up their own illegal parliament in Dublin.

The 1918 General Election- Sinn Féin won 73 seats and The Home Rule Party won only 6 and the Unionists took 26.

women over 30 are allowed to vote and overwhelmingly vote for sinn féin.

Thomas Ashe- was arrested and went on hunger strike. The British force-fed him and he died.

30,000 at his funeral in glasnevin.

The German Plot-The British arrested Sinn Féin leaders in 1917 for a so called 'plot' with the Germans against the British. This won them huge sympathy.

They also had strong support from the Catholic Church.

Sinn Féin campaigned strongly against conscription for Irish people

By Elections- in by-elections in 1917 and sinn féin won 4 of them beating established candidates.

Griffiths steps down and De Valera becomes president of Sinn Féin and the Irish Volunteers.

in 1917 they gain two important new members: Eamonn De Valera and Michael Collins and now they want complete independence.

Post-The Rising many people turned to Sinn Féin

Arthur Griffith, leader of Sinn Féin but was not involved in 1916.

formerly wanted home rule but now want complete independence.