TRAUMA

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TRAUMA

Manifest through

Compound Trauma

Multiple independent traumatic events

Chronic Trauma

Childhood/ Developmental Trauma

Cumulative impact in early life (Sweeney et al., 2018; Salvatore et al., 2023)

Risk factor for psychopathology and mental health disorders (Salvatore et al., 2023)

Vicarious Trauma

as the emotional and cognitive impacts of hearing traumatic stories, leading to negative changes in professionals’ cognitions over time (Huey et al., 2023; Pilla et al., 2021).

observing that professionals working with trauma victims can suffer long-lasting psychological effects from their engagement with these experiences (Huey et al., 2023).

Affects therapists working with trauma survivors (Padmanabhanunni & Gqomfa, 2022)

Complex Trauma

Prolonged, repeated harmful events (Van Nieuwenhove & Meganck, 2017)

Intergenerational Trauma

Transmission across generations (Lehrner & Yehuda, 2018)

Resilience vs. pathology (Lehrner & Yehuda, 2018)

PTSD

Extreme fear, re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal (Alexandra Kredlow et al., 2022)

Acute Trauma

Results from a single incident

Treatment modalities

Traetment-informed Approachs

"What is wrong with you?" to "What happened to you?" (Sweeney et al., 2018)

Narrative Therapy

reshape emotional understanding and reconcile different aspects of oneself, facilitating a return to competency and empowerment (Bayes, 2023).

Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) for PTSD (Lely et al., 2019; McPherson, 2011)

often used in diverse contexts, including with children and refugees (Peltonen & Kangaslampi, 2019; Wright et al., 2020).

significantly reduce PTSD symptoms compared to other treatments, waitlists, or treatment as usual (McPherson, 2011).

Focuses on how storytelling helps us make sense of our lives, with trauma often dramatically altering our narratives (Bayes, 2023).

may vary across different cultural contexts (Lely et al., 2019)

active participation in storytelling (Bayes, 2023)

NET's use is limited but shows promise, with attention needed for managing distress and dysregulation (Sparrow & Fornells-Ambrojo, 2024).

identity and self-concept (Bayes, 2023)

survivors of mass violence (Lely et al., 2019)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

with other therapies like Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for treating trauma in couples (Negash et al., 2018; Gonzalez-Vazquez et al., 2018).

8-stage protocol (Shapiro & Brown, 2019)

PTSD, complex trauma (Shapiro & Brown, 2019)

Limitation of Modality

use in group therapy (Negash et al., 2018)

Extended stabilization phase for complex trauma (Gonzalez-Vazquez et al., 2018)

Benefits of Modality

verbal recounting of trauma (Shapiro & Brown, 2019)

single-event trauma (Shapiro & Brown, 2019)

Qualitative

Insights

personal and cultural contexts

In-depth understanding of trauma experiences

Methods

Thematic analysis of personal narratives and Critical interpretive synthesis

Lehrner & Yehuda (2018) used Critical Interpretive Synthesis (CIS), an inductive qualitative process, to generate new theory from reviewed literature of Preventing intergenerational trauma transmission. The aim was to synthesize and critically interpret literature on intervening in the intergenerational transmission of relational trauma within parent-infant relationships.

Interviews and case studies

Negash et al. (2018) used a qualitative case study to show the effectiveness of integrating EFT and EMDR in couples therapy.

Police Support Personnel (Huey et al., 2023) study used Semi-structured interviews to understand Vicarious trauma exposure and long-term effects

Quantitative

Measures

Statistical analysis of prevalence and severity

Surveys and questionnaires (e.g., PTSD Checklist)

studies

quantitative studies on narrative exposure methods for treating trauma or PTSD in refugees, focusing on those with sufficient data to calculate effect sizes and statistical power. (Gwozdziewycs & Mehl-Madrona, 2013)

Prevalence rates (e.g., ~6% for PTSD) (Alexandra Kredlow et al., 2022)

Impact assessments on physical, mental, and emotional health (Sweeney et al., 2018)

Defined

Autonomic Nervous System

Persistent distress and dysfunction (Negash et al., 2018)

Conceptual issues

Scalability and operationalization challenges (Krupnik, 2019)

Trauma vs. adversity: continuum from "small" to "big" trauma (Shapiro, 2017)

Cultural vs. universal (Krupnik, 2019)

Trauma categories

Large-T: threatening events (Negash et al., 2018)

Small-t: Non-life-threatening events (Negash et al., 2018)

traumatic effects

poorer outcomes such as suicide attempts and self-harm (Sweeney et al., 2018)

cumulative (Sweeney et al., 2018)

DSM-5

trauma as external traumatic events

direct or indirect experiencing or witnessing (Sweeney et al., 2018)

Exposure to death, serious ingury, or sexual violence (Sweeney et al., 2018)