Biochemical Reactions

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Oxidation and Reduction

Phosphorylation and Decarboxylation

Phosphorylation and Hydrolysis

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Both reactions work in tandem and rely on the transfer of electrons to work. Both uses hydrogen atoms as the gaining and releasing of electrons.

Both reactions undergo a change to the chemical formula of the molecule by removing and adding a functional group to the molecule.

Both reactions rely of the ability of the hydroxyl groups to form covalent bonds and break them easily.

Both reactions use water as a way of bonding or breaking the covalent bonds on the individual monomers. They both rely of the covalent bonds to functions.

Oxidation is the process of losing electrons which in turn means losing a hydrogen atom. This process releases a small amount of energy. The covalent bond the hydrogen atom has is severed when the electron is given away making the molecule into smaller pieces.

Decarboxylation is the removal of a carboxyl group from a monomer. The monomer undergoes a change, such as heat added, where the monomer rearrangers. As a result the CO^2 is released from the molecule. This removes a carbon atom from the carbon chain of the monomer.

Hydrolysis removes the covalent bonds that two monomers have formed by adding water. Instead of introducing a new group, hydrolysis reverts the monomers back to their original forms.

Hydrolysis adds water to a larger molecule that is has a covalent bond between two smaller monomers. When the water is added the two monomers break apart and the remaining hydrogen and oxygen atoms revert back to their individual hydroxyl groups and hydrogen bonds.

Reduction is the process of gaining electrons which in turn means gaining a hydrogen atom. The two smaller parts, the monomer and hydrogen atom bond through covalent bonding to create a larger molecule.

Phosphorylation means that a smaller molecule bonds with a phosphoryl group through covalent bonding to create a larger, more controlled molecule.

Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphoryl group to a molecule. When a phosphoryl group is added it covalently bonds with an already existed phosphoryl group or a hydroxyl group. The phosphoryl group is transferred from ATP.

Dehydration Synthesis removes water from a smaller molecules so that two can bond together. Usually a hydrogen molecule from one monomer would bond with the hydroxyl group of another monomer releasing a water molecule. The two monomers would then be bonded by the atom left behind through a covalent bond.

Biochemical Reactions

Anabolism - makes larger molecules from smaller ones

Catabolism - makes smaller molecules from larger ones