Chapter 3 BLE

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Chapter 3: Language Learning and Teaching

5 interrelated hypotheses

The affective filter hypothesis: controls how much comprehensible input gets through to the learner. Why individual students make different amounts of progress when presented with the same input.

The input (comprehension) hypothesis: we acquire language when we understand messages or obtain comprehensible input. Krishna argues that we acquire language and develop literacy by understanding messages

Monitor hypothesis: we can use learned language to monitor or inspect what we acquire and then correct errors

Natural order hypothesis: we acquire the parts of the language in a predictable order

Acquisition-learning hypothesis: Learning a language vs. acquiring a language. Learning acquisition is a subconscious process, we are not aware it is happening. Language Learning os a conscious process; it is what we do in school.

Second Language Acquisition Theories (SLA)

Cognitive Approaches to SLA

B.F Skinners theories of learning as habit formation through stimulus and response with negative and positive reinforcement greatly influenced second language

Lightbown and Spada (2013) indetified four major perspectives from which theories about SLA have emerged: Behaviorism, the innatist perspective, the cognitive/developmental perspective and the sociocultural perspective.

Atkinson (2011) makes a simpler distinction between traditional cognitivists approaches to SLA and a range of alternatives to SLA

First Language Acquisition Theories

Chomsky's theories, often referred to as the innatist perspective, suggest the presence of a language acquisition device (LAD) that enables children to figure out the underlying rules of the language on their own because of their exposure to samples of natural language.

Universal Grammer: Once the LAD is activated and children internalize the rules for the structure (syntax) of their language(s) they can generate an infinite number of unique, grammatically correct utterances.

Theory: Children learn their first language through imitation and positive reinforcement.

Chomsky: Children are able to produce language and unique utterances that go well beyond what they could reasonably have been exposed to and imitated.

Key Terms

Cognitive Approaches: modern approach to human behaviour that focuses on how we think, with the belief that such thought processes affect the way in which we behave.

Sociocultural perspective: Seeks to understand human behavior and personality development by examining the rules of the social groups and subgroups in which an individual is a member.