Chemical Reactions

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Physical and Chemical Reactions

Conserving Mass in Chemical Reactions

Equations

The same amount of numbers, or atoms, are present on both sides of a chemical equation

Law of Conservation of Mass

The statement that, in any given chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactant equals the total mass of the products

Describing Chemical Reactions

Types of Reaction

Reactants are Compounds/Elements

Double Displacement

https://byjus.com/chemistry/displacement-reactions/

Single Displacement

https://www.chemistrylearner.com/chemical-reactions/single-replacement-reaction

Reactants are Atoms/Molecules

Decomposition

https://www.teachoo.com/15535/3621/Question-32-Assertion--Reasoning/category/Solutions---CBSE-Class-10-Sample-Paper-for-2022-Boards---Science--MCQ-/

Synthesis

https://www.mt.com/se/sv/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/synthesis-reactions.html

Terms

State Symbols

A symbol indicating the physical state of the chemical at room temperature

Product

A chemical that is produced during a chemical reaction

Reactant

A chemical, present at the start of a reaction, that is used up during the reaction

Chemical Equation

A way of describing the chemical reaction using the chemical formulas of the reactants and products

Word Equation

A way of describing a chemical reaction using the names of the reactants and products

Chemical Reaction

A process in which substances interact, causing the formation of new substances with new properties

Acids and Bases

pH Scale

https://www.jansanconsulting.com/ph-scale.html

Neutral

Neither acidic or basic; pH of 7

The strength of the acidity or basicity increases by a factor of 10

A numerical scale ranging from 0-14 that is used to compare the acidity of solutions

pH

A measure of how acidic a basic or solution is

Bases

An aqueous solution that conducts electricity and turns red litmus paper blue

Acid-base Indicator

A substance that changes color depending on whether it is in an acid or a base

Acids

Oxyacids

Acids that contain three elements, Hydrogen, Oxygen and one other

Binary Acids

Always have the "Hydro" prefix and "ic acid" suffix.

Acids that contain two elements, Hydrogen and one other

An aqueous solution that conducts electricity, tastes sour, turns blue litmus red, and neutralizes bases

Patterns and the Periodic Table

Atoms and Ions

Ion

Bonds

Covalent Bond

Diatomic Molecule

HOFBrINCl

Common diatomic molecules

A molecule consisting of only two atoms of either the same or different elements

Molecule

A particle in which atoms are joined by covalent bonds

A bond that results from the sharing of outer electrons between non-metal atoms

Ionic Bond

Ionic Compounds

Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Compounds formed from charged ions are electrically neutral. Therefore, equations must be balanced so that the total charges of the formula are neutral.

Naming Ionic Compounds

Metal + Non-Metal

Magnesium + Chlorine

Magnesium chloride

The first part of a name refers to the metal ion in the compound and the second part to the non-metal. The non-metal also has its ending changed to "ide"

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Hard, brittle, solid. Often electrolytes.

Electrolytes

A compound that separates into ions when it dissolves in water, producing a solution that conducts electricity

The simultaneous strong attraction of positive and negative ions in an ionic compound

A compound made up of one or more positive metal ions and one or more negative non-metal ions

The simultaneous strong attraction of positive and negative ions in an ionic compound

Naming Ions

Polyatomic Ions

An ion made up of more than one atom that acts as a single particle

Cations

A negatively charged ion

Ions

A positively charged ion

Definition

A charged particle that results when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

Electron Arrangements and Reactivity

Reactivity

The closer an atom is to a full electron orbit, the more stable

Compounds

A pure substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Bohr-Rutherford Diagram

https://schooltutoring.com/help/a-quick-start-guide-to-bohr-rutherford-diagrams/

A model representing the arrangement of electrons in orbits around the nucleus of an atom

Chemical Periods and Groups

Noble Gases

The elements in the eighteenth column

Halogens

The elements in the seventeenth column

Alkaline Earth Metals

The elements in the second column

Alkali Metals

The elements in the first column of the periodic table (except hydrogen)

Group

A column of elements in the periodic table with similar properties

Period

The column number indicates the amount of valence electrons present in a given column

A row of elements in the periodic table

Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes

Chemical Change

Mixing baking soda with vinegar, forest fire

A change that produces a new substance

Physical Change

Example

Dissolve, cutting, melting, breaking.

A change that does not produce a new substance

Chemical Property

A description of what a substance does as it changes into one or more new substances

Physical Property

Types

Color, texture, density, smell, solubility, taste, melting point, physical state.

A description of a substance that does not involve forming a new substance.