Epistemological Foundations of Quantitative Research

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Quantitative Approach

Disadvantages

A large population must be studied to obtain accurate results

It doesn´t study things in a natural setting

The context of the study or experiment is ignored

The approval or disapproval of a hypothesis may be affected by the subjectivity of the researcher who already intends to approve or disapprove that hypothesis

Measures variables in a particular context at a given time without measuring those characteristics that could be consistent and contribute a lot to the research as well

Leave out meaningful data

It does not describe how reality is shaped or how people interpret their behaviors

It does not give sufficient explanations about the reasons for the effect of certain variables or aspects on the study group within a detailed context

They need careful planning

Quantitative investigations are difficult, expensive and time consuming to perform

Some aspects of the social phenomenon cannot be analyzed because society is constantly changing

Advantages

It is objective and appropriate for hypothesis testing, and the results are valid, reliable, and generalizable to a broader population

Answer fundamental questions for data analysis such as who, how much, what, where, when, how many and how

Eliminate bias

The results achieved are statistical and verifiable

There are no own interpretations or preconceptions of the results

Extensive range of data analysis

Allows a broader collection of data obtained from larger sample groups, which may be a limitation in other situations

Quick data collection

Saves not only time, but also lessens wasting resources

The data are obtained from a representative group of a population

Collect reliable and accurate data

Because data is collected, analyzed and presented in numbers, the results are reliable

It focuses on hypothesis testing based on a well-defined plan and clear objectives that can be repeated at any other time and place with the same results

Helps research to optimize the time and effort invested in analyzing and describing the results obtained

Information can be more accurately verified, confirmed and verified

It allows observing, counting and analyzing the required information using statistical techniques

Quantitative Research in Education Learning Activity 2 Ana Belén Domínguez Gortaire

Epistemological Foundations of Quantitative Research

Epistemologies underlying theory and practice

Postmodernism

Generalizations should be made sensibly

Research involves different ways of appreciating reality

Reality cannot be conceived by everyone the same

They say that since reality is contextualized within a particular community and culture, it changes because culture is changing

Science is not universal, nor is it the paradigm of all true knowledge

Criticalism

Its origins are in sociology and literary criticism

It includes the deep appreciation of society and culture, relating knowledge of the social sciences and the humanities to make known and challenge the structures of power

Its aim is to change existing and limiting social conditions, and not just predict or explain reality

Confront foundations and predictable quantitative or qualitative knowledge methodologies, which make claims of scientific objectivity

Interpretivism

It is vital to see the differences that characterize people

It is used to group different approaches, to reveal different characteristics of the subject of study

Uses social constructs such as language, consciousness, shared meanings, and instruments

Interpret study components and incorporate human interest into a study

Post - Positivism

Everything that is observed is assumed through a prior understanding of other theories and concepts

All observation is fallible or imperfect, and because of that, there is inaccuracy. All theory is reviewable

There is a reality independent of our thinking about which science can study

Subjectivism

There is no external or objective truth

Our own mental activity is the only unquestionable fact of our experience

Positivism

Valid knowledge, certainty or truth is found only in this knowledge a posteriori

Information derived from sensory experience, interpreted through reason and logic, constitutes the exclusive source of all true knowledge

Knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relationships

Characteristics

Any phenomenon that occurs in the world has its cause and consequence

Its view is objective, realistic, or positivistic because it is based on research conducted without the subjective influence of researchers

Quantitative research focuses on invariant and numerical data and meticulous, convergent reasoning to find an optimal solution to a clearly defined problem

Different types of epistemologies

Pragmatism

The meaning and truth of any idea is a function of its practical results

Relates quantitative and qualitative methods based on what needs to be discovered

Experiential Realism

"Science, according to this vision, is an activity that is based on this subject / object scheme" (Mulaik, 1995)

Observation implies a more active than passive interaction through our bodies with the world

It is not possible to observe the world only objectively, due to the fact that one's own perception influences in some way what is being observed

Post-positivism

Research can never be safe and that researchers should approximate that reality to the best of their ability

Human knowledge is not based on rock-solid, indisputable foundations, but rather on human guesswork

Concept of Epistemology

Epistemology is the philosophy of knowledge or of the way how we come to know