experimental and non-experimental methods

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Experiment vs Non-Experimental Methods

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Surveys are used when you want to question a large group of people without high cost in a short time.

Difficult to document

May be difficult to make ethical

Multiple participants interacting

Difficult to analyze

Social desirability bias

Gain personal information

More relaxed

Easy to analyze

Field experiments are conducted when you want to have a good ecological value. That is, when you want to make sure that people would actually react a certain way. (Otherwise, it is usually better to do a laboratory experiment) (You could also say that it is when the researcher comes to you, and not the other way around)

Natural experiments occur, they are usually conducted if possible.

Difficult to make good questions

Response bias

Often easy to compare and read information

Cost and time effective

Large domain

Interviews are like surveys, but a lot more detailed and in depth, but with fewer participants.

Case studies are a lot like natural experiments only that the participant is questioned more than made to go through experiments, and listened to rather than observed.

Low ecological value

Easy to replicate

A lot of controll

Finds cause and effect

Laboratory experiments should be used when you want to find the cause and effect relationship.

Difficult to replicate

Little control

Good ecological value

Observation is basically what you do in field experiments. These two overlap all the time and are difficult to separate.

Weaknesses

Difficult to extract useful, reliable information

No control

Researcher bias

Strenghts

No demand characteristics

Examples of studies

Loftus and Palmer's car crash study.

Milgram’s experiment on obedience

Breuer & Freud - Anna O

Harlow - Phineas Gage

Jacobsen, Alice Juel Ethnography and Education

Grunschel, Carola; Patrzek, Justine; Fries, Stefan European Journal of Psychology of Education

The Tiffany Field experiment

Hodges and Tizard's attachment research

Field experiments

The Piliavin and Rodin Subway Experiment

Holfing’s hospital study on obedience

Surveys

Link to Social Psychology---->

Subtopic

Observations

Tulis, Maria Teaching and Teacher Education

Pulinkala, Ivan Research in Dance Education

Unstructured interview

Semistructured interview

Structured interview

Strengths and weaknesses

Weaknsesses

Very difficult to replicate

Strengths

High ecological value

Often new research

Experimental and non-experimental methods

Experimental methods

Natural experiments

Laboratory experiments

Field experiment

Non experimental methods (Qualitative research)

Survey

Case studies

Observation

Interviews