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When oil is added to water, it floats on top. Oil floats because it is less dense than water.

Fluids

Chapter 9

Oil Spills

Oil spills on water

Oil spills are the most common pollutant of water.

2% offshore drilling

51% is from down drainage systems

Clean-up Methods

The fact that oil floats on water makes the clean-up easier. Even though the oil floats, if the surface of the water is moving quickly, the oil can “mix” with the water.

On a large body of water, such as an ocean or lake, waves can cause the oil to mix temporarily with the water.

Clean-up methods

Bioremediation

DISADVANTAGES - Plants growing near the water the fertilizers will grow excessively - Slow process - Bacteria and fungi will harm the environment

Bioremediation involves using bacteria and fungi to break down oil.

Burning

DISADVANTAGES - If it is windy, the fire won’t stay put and will not work effectively - It has to be a certain amount of thickness for the burning process to work - Can cause air pollution; contaminating air for people, plant, and animals

Burning the oil can remove over 90% of the spill.

Dispersants

DISADVANTAGES - Marine animals can eat the tiny pieces filled with chemicals and oil - Could kill plants and animals out of water - This poisons them; eventually - if not immediately killing them

Dispersants are chemicals that act like detergents and break the layer of oil into smaller pieces.

Sorbents

DISADVANTAGES - If the oil sinks to the bottom of the water then it will be harder to remove oil - Spreads oil through water - Kills plants and animals

Sorbents are large, sponge-like materials that absorb the oil.

Skimmers

DISADVANTAGES - If the water is not calm, you can’t suck up the oil and it will just mixed up with the water - Mixing with the water affects our drinking water sources - Can become clogged - Only works on the surface

Skimmers are machines like vacuum cleaners that pull up the oil from the surface of the water

Booms

DISADVANTAGES - water is not calm; the oil will eventually mix with the water - Isn’t effective with violent waters - Only contains; doesn’t remove

Booms are large, floating barriers that act like a fence to contain the oil. (Oil is easier to clean up if it is contained in one area)

Damage depends on factors like the type of oil, the location of the spill, and the size of the spill.

Waves and wind also have an effect on the amount of environmental damage. Oil spills affect the marine environment

Pascal's Law

States that when force is applied to an enclosed fluid, the increase in pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid.

If you have press on one end of an air mattress to push the air out of the opening at the other end.

An example is when you have squeeze the end of a toothpaste tube and watch the fluid push out of the opening.

Fluid System

Valves

Are devices that control the flow of fluids.

Controls the amount of water flowing through a faucet. Turning a tap one way allows water to flow out. Turning a tap the other way closes off the flow of water.

An example could be our heart and blood vessels. Many veins in your body contain one-way valves that ensure that your blood flows in the correct direction.

Pumps

Is a device that moves a fluid through or into something.

An example is our heart. It pumps blood to your lungs for oxygen and then pumps the blood through your body.

Some pumps can raise water from a lower elevation to a higher elevation. Other pumps can force air into a bicycle tire or oil through a car’s engine.

Another example of a pump is the Archimedes screw pump.

Pneumatic systems

Is a system that uses a gas, usually air, under pressure to transmit a force.

Two advantages of pneumatic systems are safety and reasonable costs.

Compressed air is safe to use, as the devices do not create sparks.

Larger temperature range than are hydraulic systems.

An example is a dentist drill.

Hydraulic systems

Hydraulic systems have the ability to multiply the force exerted by a liquid.

Pistons are a disk that move inside a cylinder.

Hoists use two pistons of different sizes to create pressure to lift a vehicle.

Liquids cannot be compressed: meaning that when pressure is applied to a liquid in a pipe or tube, the force can be transmitted over a distance.

Are systems that use a liquid under pressure to transmit a force and do work.

An example is the Jaws of Life©

Is a group of parts, including at least one fluid, that interact with each other and function together as a whole.

An example in nature is the movement of sea stars.

Chapter 7

Fluids and the Particle Theory

Matter is anything that has both mass and volume. Matter can be a gas, a solid, or a liquid. Water is an example of matter that can exist in all three states, or forms. Water is part of the air we breathe, the ice we skate on, and the pools we swim in. Air, ice, and water are examples of the three states of matter.

Thermal Expansion and Contraction

Cracks in the road when the road expands on heating is an example of thermal expansion.

When a substance becomes warmer, its particles move faster and farther apart, causing the substance to expand, or increase in volume. This response to an increase in temperature is called thermal expansion.

When a substance cools, its particles move more slowly and closer together, causing the substance to contract, or decrease in volume. The decrease in volume is due to a decrease in the temperature of the substance.

The particle theory of matter

is a set of ideas that can help you understand matter. It can help you predict how different materials and substances will behave.

6. In a gas, the particles are farther apart. They are slightly attracted to each other.

5. In liquids and solids, the particles are close together. They are very attracted to each other.

4. Temperature affects how quickly or slowly particles move.

3. All of the particles of one substance are exactly the same.

2. Particles are constantly in motion.

1. All matter is made of tiny particles.

The Many uses of Fluids

A fluid is any substance that flows. Fluids have many uses, including holding and transporting other materials. Substances in their fluid form can be shaped and then cooled to become solids.

Fluids can transport solids

A slurry is a mixture of solids and water and is used to transport solids.

Ex #2 Hydroseeding- spraying seeds, fertilizer and sawdust for farming

Ex #1 the paper you write on was once a slurry - was once wood pulp and water

The liquids you drink, the blood that pumps through your body, and the air you breathe are all fluids that you use on a daily. Some other examples are shampoo and toothpaste.

Toothpaste is another fluid that you use every day

Shampoo is a fluid that you use everyday

We find fluids everywhere in our lives. Fluids can be a gas or a liquid. Some fluids that are gases that we can use everyday are leaf blowers, and some liquids that we use everyday are gas for our cars.

Gas for our cars

Leaf blower

Fluids for life, so that we can stay alive.

Stomach acids: Helps the body digest food

Urine: Takes waste out of the body

Sweat: Cools the body

Blood: Moves materials into cells and moves waste out of cells

Oxygen: Helps the body get energy from food

Chapter 8

Pressure in Fluids

If a force compresses the particles of a fluid, the volume of the fluid is reduced. When the volume is reduced and the temperature stays the same, the pressure inside the fluid increases.

Pressure is the amount of force applied to a given area. There is less air pressure if we travel to higher altitudes because there are fewer layers of air above us and the air there is less dense.

Pressure increases with the depth of a fluid. A fluid flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.

Density & Buoyancy

Buoyancy is the tendency of an object in a fluid to rise or sink due to density differences with its surroundings.

Buoyant Force is the upward force exerted by a fluid.

Density describes how closely packed together the particles are in a substance.

A substance is most dense when it is a solid and less dense when it is a gas. A solid is denser than a gas because the particles in a solid are much closer together

Viscosity

When heat is added to a liquid, the particles move faster and spread farther apart. Since the distance between particles has increased, there is less attraction between the particles. As the temperature of a liquid increases, its viscosity decreases. As a result, the fluid flows more easily. As the temperature of a liquid decreases, the particles slow down. The result is that the viscosity increases.

Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow. Fluids with high viscosity do not flow as easily as fluids with a low viscosity.

Friction is a force that works to slow down motion as a result of surfaces rubbing against each other. The greater the friction or rubbing, the higher the viscosity. A fluid with a high viscosity has a large amount of internal friction.