history and motivation

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History and Motivation

MODERN PARALLEL COMPUTERS

Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative

The first of these supercomputers, ASCI Red, was delivered to Sandia National Laboratories in 1997

Beowulf

Beowulf is all example of a system wnstlUcted out of commodity, off-theshelf (COTS) componenls.

Their system, named Beowulf, contained 16 Intel DX4 processors connected by multiple to Mbitfsec Ethernet links

The dynamic PC marketplace set the stage for the next breakthrough in parallel computing

Commercial Parallel_Computers

Some commercial parallel computers had support for higher-level parallel programming languages and debuggers

Experimenal parallel computers were less expensive

The Cosmic Cube

Intel Corporation had donated much of the hardware for the Cosmic Cube.

the potential for microprocessor-based parallel computing

, a parallel computer constructed out of 64 Intel 8086 microprocessors [34]

SEEKING CONCURRENCY

Functional Parallelism

a<-2 17 <- 3 m <- (a +b)/2 s <- (a2 + 172 )/2 v<- s ~ m2

Data Parallelism

for i <- 0 to 99 do a[i] <- b[i] + e[i] endfor

DATA CLUSTERING

Multidimensional data clustering is an important tool for data mining.

make info

easier to remember

interesting

save time

Subtema

Data Clostering:

1. OUlPUT K centers

1. Repeat the following steps for I iteratiolis or until he performance function converges. whichver come firts

3. Choose the K initial cluster cenlers using II rnndom sample

yellow = facts, examples

2. For each of the N documenLI .generate a D-dirnensional vector indicating how well il cover the D different topics

1. input N documents

PROGRAMM1NG PARALLEL COMPUTERS

Create a Parallel Language

Add a Parallel Programming Layer

Extend a Sequential Programming Language

Extend a Compiler

EVOLUTION OF SUPERCOMPUTING

Supercomputers have typically cost $10 million or more.

Even mainframe computers are being constructed out of microprocessors.

Today, supercomput£r means a parallel computer with thousand~ of CPUs.

Supercomputers are the most powerful computers that can be built.

In 1976 supercomputer meant a Cray-l, a single-CPU computer with a high ·petformance pipelined Vector processor wnnected to a lIigh-performance memory system.

Today's supercomputers are more than a billion times faster, able to petfonn trillions of floating point operations per second

MODERN SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Global weather and environmental modeling

Medicine, and modeling of human organs and bones

Biology, pharmacology, genome sequencing, genetic engineering, protein folding, enzyme activity, and cell modeling

Materials design and supercond.uctivity

Computational fluid dynamics and turbulence

Cosmology and astropbysics

you'll come up with original ideas

Quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, and relativistic physics

Explain the phenomenon and designs an expellment to test that theory

Whats parallel computing?

Why should I program using MPI and OpenMP?

MPI is a perfectly satisfactory way for processors in different SMPs to cornrnullicate with each other, OpenMP is a better way for processors within a single SMP to interact

MPI (Message Passing Interface) is a standard specification for messagepassing lihmries

Reduce the time needed to solve a single computational problem.

is a multiple-processor computer system suppmting parallel programming.

centralized mUltiprocessor

multicomputer