iGCSE Geography

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iGCSE Geography

Section C — Global issues

Globalisation is making the nations of the world increasingly interdependent. Major movements of people are both a cause and a consequence of this interdependence.

MIGRATION

A case study of international migration (eg asylum seekers and economic migrants to UK).

Managing migration — refugee and asylum-seeker issues: the case for controlling migration flows.

Types of migration (voluntary versus forced); the push-pull factors affecting migration.

Migration — a component of population change; international migration; net migration.

TOURISM

A case study of sustainable tourism (eg Galapagos, Bhutan).

A case study of a package holiday destination.

Attempts to make tourism more sustainable (eg ecotourism)

The impact of mass tourism on the environment, economy and people of destination areas.

The growth of global tourism and its causes (increased leisure, the package holiday, modern transport, marketing).

GLOBALISATION

A case study of the global operations of a TNC or a TNC’s operations in one LIC.

TNCs: organisation; role as key players in the global economy; benefits and costs to countries hosting TNCs.

The global shift in manufacturing and the reasons for it (labour costs, resources, profiteering).

The rise of the global economy (growth of production and commodity chains) and the factors encouraging it (trade, foreign investment, aid, labour, modern transport and information technologies).

Section B — People and their environments

6. Urban environments

Changes occur as urban environments age and the needs of people change.

A case study of one named urban area in an HIC to explain how and why changes are taking place.

The roles of managers (planners, politicians, property developers and industrialists) in urban regeneration and re-imaging.

Areas of social deprivation and poverty in HIC cities: symptoms and locations. The changing fortunes of inner-city areas.

The nature of, and reasons for, the changes taking place at the edge of HIC cities (eg retail complexes, business parks and industrial estates). The ‘greenfield’ versus ‘brownfield’ debate.

The urban environment is characterised by the segregation of different land uses and of people of different economic status and ethnic background.

A case study of shanty town management in a LIC city.

A case study of one city to show the land use patterns and the distribution of social/ethnic groups.

Land use transects plotting

Shanty towns (squatter communities): location, growth, problems and mitigating strategies (including self-help).

Reasons for, and consequences of, the segregation of different socioeconomic and ethnic groups.

Factors encouraging similar land uses to concentrate in particular parts of the urban area (eg locational needs, accessibility, land values).

A growing percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas.

Environmental quality survey

The problems associated with rapid urbanisation including congestion, transport, employment, crime and environmental quality.

The nature of urbanisation (including suburbanisation and counterurbanisation); the factors affecting the rate of urbanisation and the emergence of mega-cities.

4. Economic activity and energy

Increased economic production creates a rising demand for energy and/or energy efficiency.

Investigating peoples’ views on the use of renewable and nonrenewable energy

The relative merits of using renewable (eg wind, solar and nuclear power) versus non-renewable sources of energy (eg fossil fuels).

The concept of ‘precious’ energy and the need for energy efficiency.

The rising demand for energy and the energy gap.

The location and growth of particular types of economic activity are influenced by a range of factors.

Reasons for the location of factories or services

Case study of recent employment changes within an area of a HIC.

Case study of the factors affecting the development and location of one hightech industry.

Factors affecting the changing location of manufacturing (TNCs, raw materials, labour, new technology, government policy).

Factors affecting the location and growth of tertiary and quaternary activities (prosperity, new technology, accessibility, transport, government policy).

Economic activity sustains people and involves output from a number of different economic sectors

A comparative study of sectoral shifts in one HIC and one LIC.

Informal employment: characteristics and causes.

The relative importance of these economic sectors changes with development and varies between and within countries.

The classification of employment by sector: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.

REVISION

Section A — The natural environment and people

3. Hazardous environments

Different levels of economic development affect how people cope with hazards.

Surveying peoples’ views on the management of a hazard event

Case studies of the management of one tropical storm and one tectonic event. One of these should have happened in an LIC and the other in an HIC.

TROPICAL STORM + HIC = KATRINA

TECTONIC + LIC = PINATUBO

LONGER TERM

Responding to hazards: short-term (emergency aid and disaster relief); long-term (risk assessment, adjustment, improving prediction).

Predicting and preparing for hazards (education, early warning systems, shelters).

Managing hazards (tropical storms, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes) involves taking actions both before and after the event.

Hazards have an impact on people and the environment.

CASE STUDY

A comparative study of the impacts of tropical storms, in an LIC and an HIC.

Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from hazard events.

Identifying the scale of natural disasters and their short-term (deaths, injuries, damage to buildings and infrastructure) and longterm (homelessness, costs of repairing damage) impacts.

Some places are more hazardous than others.

Collecting and recording weather data

Measuring and recording weather conditions, eg strong winds, intense rainfall.

The global distributions, causes and characteristics of tropical revolving storms, volcanic and earthquake activity (plate movements).

Different types of hazard (climatic, tectonic, etc).

2. Coastal environments

Management of both physical processes and human activities is needed to sustain coastal environments.

Surveying peoples’ views on the management of pressured and/or retreating coastlines

CASE STUDIES

Case study of one stretch of retreating coastline.

Case study of a stretch of a coastline under pressure.

Case study of a located coral reef or a mangrove stand and its management.

Coasts as a natural system of interdependent places. Coastal retreat, flooding and natural processes. Coastal protection: soft and hard defences; management retreat. Different views on coastal protection.

Conflicts between different users of the coast and between development and conservation.

Coastal ecosystems are of value to people, but are threatened by tourism and other developments (industrialisation; agricultural practices; deforestation).

Distinctive ecosystems develop along particular stretches of coastline

Factors affecting the distribution of coastal ecosystems.

Coastal ecosystems and biodiversity (coral reefs and mangroves).

Physical processes give rise to characteristic coastal landforms

FIELDWORK

Beach measurements, eg profiles and sediments

Role of geological structure, vegetation, people and sea-level change (estuaries and raised beaches).

Landforms: erosional (headlands and bays; cliffs; wave-cut platforms; caves; arches and stacks); depositional (beaches; spits; bars).

Depsoitional

Processes: marine (wave characteristics and erosion; longshore drift; wave deposition); sub-aerial (weathering; mass movement).