Категории: Все - excedente - sustitución - elasticidad - independencia

по fernanda otero 4 лет назад

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LA DEMANDA DEL INDIVIDUO Y LA DEMANDA DEL MERCADO

La relación entre bienes independientes se caracteriza porque la variación del precio de uno no afecta la demanda del otro. Además, existen diversos efectos que influyen en el consumo, como el efecto sustitución, donde el consumo de alimentos cambia cuando su precio varía, manteniendo constante el nivel de utilidad.

LA DEMANDA DEL INDIVIDUO Y LA DEMANDA DEL MERCADO

Dos bienes son independientes si la variación del precio de uno de ellos no afecta la cantidad demandada del otro.

LA DEMANDA DEL INDIVIDUO Y LA DEMANDA DEL MERCADO

The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of the objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest are the eight planets, with the remainder being smaller objects, the dwarf planets, and small Solar System bodies.

Método estadístico de estimación de la demanda

Uranus is an oddball. It has clouds made of hydrogen sulfide, the same chemical that makes rotten eggs smell so foul.

It rotates from east to west like Venus. Its tilt causes extreme seasons that last 20-plus years, and the sun beats down on one pole or the other for 84 Earth-years at a time.

Methane in the atmosphere gives Uranus its blue-green tint. It also has 13 sets of faint rings.

Las empresas suelen utilizar datos de mercado basados en estudios reales de la demanda.

Uranus has 27 moons that we know of. Five of the moons are large and the rest are much smaller.

Name these 5 moons.

Puede ayudar a los investigadores a diferenciar la influencia de variables como la renta y los precios de otros productos en la cantidad demandada de un producto.

How long does it take for Uranus to go around the sun?

Bienes

Neptune is about the size of Uranus and is known for supersonic strong winds.

Neptune is far out and cold.
The planet is more than 30 times as far from the sun as Earth.

Neptune was the first planet predicted to exist by using math, before it was visually detected. Neptune is about 17 times as massive as Earth and has a rocky core.

Bienes independientes
Bienes complementarios

Neptune has thirteen moons that we know of and one more waiting for confirmation.

The largest moon is slightly smaller than Earth's Moon and has active volcanoes which erupt like geysers and eject nitrogen frost over the surface.

Name this moon and at least 4 others.

Dos bienes son complementarios si la subida del precio de uno de ellos provoca una disminución de la cantidad demandada del otro.
Bienes sustitutivos

How long does it take for Neptune to go around the sun?

Dos bienes son sustitutivos, si la subida del precio de uno de ellos provoca un aumento de la cantidad demandada del otro.
Bienes inferiores

A planet's day is the time it takes the planet to rotate or spin once on its axis.

Write down Neptune's day measured in Earth days.

El consumo disminuye cuando aumenta la renta
Bienes normales
Cuando aumenta la renta de los consumidores aumenta el consumo de estos bienes.

Curvas

It was once considered a planet but in August 2006 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) downgraded the status of Pluto to that of “dwarf planet.”

Pluto is unlike other planets in many respects. It is smaller than Earth's moon; its orbit is highly elliptical.

It's a cold, rocky world with a tenuous atmosphere. Pluto is a very active ice world that's covered in glaciers, mountains of ice water, icy dunes, and possibly even cryovolcanoes that erupt icy lava made of water, methane or ammonia.

Curva de demanda isoelástica
Cuando la elasticidad-precio de la demanda es constante a lo largo de toda la curva de demanda
Curva de Engel

The dwarf planet Pluto has five moons.


Name these moons.

Curva que relaciona la cantidad consumida de un bien y la renta del individuo.
curva de renta-consumo

A planet's day is the time it takes the planet to rotate or spin once on its axis.

Write down Pluto's day measured in Earth days.

Muestra las combinaciones de alimentos y vestido maximizadoras de la utilidad correspondientes a todos y cada uno de los niveles de renta.
curva de demanda del individuo

How long does it take for Pluto to go around the sun?

Relaciona la cantidad que compra un consumidor de un bien con su precio.
Curva de precio-consumo
muestra las combinaciones de dos bienes que maximizan la utilidad cuando varía el precio de uno de ellos.

Efectos

Mercury is the smallest, only a little bit larger than Earth's moon. Mercury has no moon.

It experiences dramatic changes in its day and night temperatures: Day temperatures can reach a scorching 840 F (450 C), which is hot enough to melt lead. Meanwhile, on the night side, temperatures drop to minus 290 F (minus 180 C).

It also has a very thin atmosphere of oxygen, sodium, hydrogen, helium, and potassium and can't break-up incoming meteors, so its surface is pockmarked with craters, just like the moon.

El efecto esnob
Externalidad de red negativa en la que un consumidor desea tener un bien exclusivo o único. La cantidad demandada de un «bien esnob» es mayor cuantas menos personas lo tengan.

El valor de un bien snob

El valor es, en parte, el prestigio, el estatus y la exclusividad que confiere el hecho de que pocas personas tengan uno.

Efecto-arrastre

How long does it take for Mercury to go around the sun?

Externalidad de red positiva en la que un consumidor desea poseer un bien debido, en parte, a que lo tienen otras personas.
Efecto-renta

A planet's day is the time it takes the planet to rotate or spin once on its axis.

Write down Mercury's day measured in Earth days.

La variación que experimenta el consumo de alimentos cuando aumenta el poder adquisitivo y los precios relativos se mantienen constantes.
Efecto sustitución
Es la variación que experimenta el consumo de alimentos cuando varía su precio y el nivel de utilidad se mantiene constante.

Las entrevistas y los experimentos para averiguar la demanda

Jupiter is a giant gas world that is the most massive planet in our solar system.

Its swirling clouds are colorful due to different types of trace gases.

And a major feature in its swirling clouds is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm more than 10,000 miles wide. It has raged at more than 400 mph for the last 150 years, at least.

Jupiter has a strong magnetic field, and with 75 moons, it looks a bit like a miniature solar system.

Los experimentos directos de marketing

A planet's day is the time it takes the planet to rotate or spin once on its axis.

Write down Jupiter's day measured in Earth days.

Se hacen ofertas reales de venta a los posibles clientes
Las entrevistas
Otra manera de recabar información sobre la demanda son las entrevistas, en las cuales se pregunta a los consumidores qué cantidad estarían dispuestos a compra de un producto a un determinado precio.

Las externalidades de redes

Mars is a cold, desert-like place covered in dust. This dust is made of iron oxides, giving the planet its iconic red hue.

Mars shares similarities with Earth: It is rocky, has mountains, valleys and canyons, and storm systems ranging from localized tornado-like dust devils to planet-engulfing dust storms.

Externalidad de red negativa

How long does it take for Mars to go around the sun?

Si la cantidad de un bien demandada por un consumidor representativo disminuye en respuesta al crecimiento de las compras de otros.
Externalidad de red positiva

A planet's day is the time it takes the planet to rotate or spin once on its axis.

Write down Mars's day measured in Earth days.

Si la cantidad de un bien demandada por un consumidor representativo aumenta en respuesta al crecimiento de las compras de otros.
Externalidad de red
Situación en la que la demanda de una persona también depende de la demanda de otras. Pueden ser positivas o negativas.

El excedente del consumidor

Earth is a water world, with two-thirds of the planet covered by oceans.

It's the only world known to harbor life.

Earth's atmosphere is rich in nitrogen and oxygen.

Its name originates from 'Die Erde,' the German word for 'the ground.'
Earth may once have had two moons, nowadays it has just one.

Excedente del consumidor del mercado

How long does it take for Earth to go around the sun?

El área situada debajo de la curva de demanda y encima de la recta que representa el precio de compra del bien
Excedente agregado del consumidor

A planet's day is the time it takes the planet to rotate or spin once on its axis.

Write down the Earth's day in hours.

Cuando sumamos los excedentes del consumidor de todos los consumidores que compran el bien.
excedente del consumidor
Es la diferencia entre la cantidad máxima que está dispuesto a pagar un consumidor por un bien y la que paga realmente.

Elasticidad

Venus is Earth's twin in size and has no moons.
Its surface has various mountains and volcanoes. Because of its thick, toxic atmosphere that's made of sulfuric acid clouds, Venus is an extreme example of the greenhouse effect. The average temperature on Venus' surface is 900 F (465 C).
Venus spins slowly from east to west, the opposite direction to most of the other planets.

The Greeks believed Venus was two different objects — one in the morning sky and another in the evening. Because it is often brighter than any other object in the sky, Venus has generated many UFO reports.

Demanda inelástica

A planet's day is the time it takes the planet to rotate or spin once on its axis.

Write down Venus's day measured in Earth days.

Significa que la cantidad demandada es relativamente insensible a las variaciones del precio.
La elasticidad-precio de la demanda

Our Solar System has eight “official” planets which orbit the Sun.

Each planet is at a different distance from the sun. Name its position.

Mide la variación porcentual que experimenta la cantidad demandada cuando el precio sube un 1 por ciento.

El bien Giffen

Cuando el efecto-renta es lo suficientemente grande para hacer que la curva de demanda de un bien tenga pendiente positiva, este tipo de bien se denomina bien Giffen.