New Concept Map

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Nutrition

от Sinwoo Kim

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

от Joyce Ositelu

Cell Transport

от Kathryn Sipe

Photosynthesis

от Amni Insyirah Jaffar

Created by: Molly Smidovec, Savana Jimenez, Xue Wang, & Jessica Meza

Concept Map - Cell

Energy

Flow of energy

Photosynthesis

Phase 3:Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

Phase 2: Reduction

The 5 other molecules of 3 Carbons go through the cycle

1 molecule of 3 Carbons goes on and forms glucose and other organic compounds

Phase 1: Carbon fixation

Light Reactions

Water splits

Release Oxygen

Produce ATP

Form NADPH

Photosystem II

Pq

Cytochrome complex

Pc

Fd

NADP+ reductase

NADPH to Calvin Cycle

Respiration

Anaerobic (fermentation)

Lactic Acid Fermentation

2 Lactate formed

prokaryotes

Alcohol Fermentation

2 ethanol formed

glycolysis

2 atp and pyruvate end product

Aerobic

eukaryotes

Requires activation energy

Redox Reaction

Reduction gain electron

Oxidized lose electrons

enzyme

Allosteric

Cooperativitiy

Inhibition

Activation

Feedback inhibition

Specific Temperature and pH

Substrate level

metabolic pathway

Endergonic

Exergonic

Anabolic

Catabolic

Kinetic energy and potential energy

Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion

Laws of Thermoynamics

2nd Law

When energy changes from one form to another, entropy increases

1st Law

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Genetics

Regulation

Heterochromatin

highly compacted

no genes expressed

Euchromatin

less compaction

genes expressed

Packaging

B DNA Helix- 2 nm

Nucleosomes- 10 nm

Tight Helical Fiber-30 nm

Protein Scaffold (looped domains)- 300 nm

Metaphase Chromosome- 700 nm

Cell communiation

Physical Contact

Releasing a signal

Synaptic Signaling

Neurotransmitters

Paracrine Signaling

Translation (occurs in cytoplasm)

A site

Protein coded

P site

E site

Met

F-met

Transcription

termination

Poly-a tail

5-Cap

elongation

elongate transcription

initiation

Prokaryotes (occurs in cytoplasm)

RNAP

Eukaryotes (occurs in nucleus)

RNA Pol III

tRNA

5S rRNA

RNA Pol II

preMRNA

snRNA

microRNA

RNA Pol I

rRNA

Replication

Prokaryotes-cytoplasm

Helicase

SSB

topoisomerase

Primase

DNA pol III

DNA pol I

DNA ligase

Eukaryotes-nucleus

Structure Fits Function

Molecules and macromolecules

Lipids

Micelles

help in drug delivery

Phospholipids

amphipathic

2 fatty acids

glycerol

Phosphate

used in cell membrane

Intergral protein

G-Protein receptor

Sodium-Potassium transport

Receptor tyrosine kinase

Saturated Fats

excess H

Unsaturated Fats

Cis

Has a kink

Hydrogens on same side

less H

Trans

Hydrogens on opposite side

Steroids

Cholesterol

increase fluidity in cold

rigid in hot temperature

Testosterone

Proteins

Structures

Alpha helices

Beta pleated sheets

Disulfide bond

Primary structure: sequence of amino acids

Secondary structures: hydrogen bonds between alpha helices or beta pleated sheets

Tertiary structure: bonds in protein folding, disulfide, hydrogen, ionic, Van der Waals

Quaternary structure: Structure maintained by interchain interactions

Denaturation

Active to inactive: unfolding of a protein structure from heat or chemical reaction

Amino Acids

20 Amino acids

Polar

Threonine

Tyrosine

Glutamine

Asparagine

Cysteine

Serine

Acidic

Glutamic acid

Aspartic acid

Basic

Lysine

Histidine

Arginine

Nonpolar

Glycine

Leucine

Isoleucine

Tryptophan

Proline

Phenylalanine

Methionine

Valine

Alanine

Main chain

Carboxyl Group

Amino group

Side chain

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Synthesis and breakdown of polymers

Hydrolysis

Adds a water to break a bond

Condensation (dehydration) reactions

Removes a water molecule and forms a new bond

Form fits function

Strarch

Energy storage in plants: unbranched helix

Cellulose

Used for structural support in cell walls of plants and algae: parallel strands joined by hydrogen bonds

Glycogen

Used for energy storage in animal cells: highly branched helix

DNA and RNA structure

RNA

Ribose suger: pentose

Nucleotide

Uracil

DNA

Nucleotides

Thymine

Guanine

Adenine

Cytosine

Deoxyribose: hexose sugar

Bonds

Covalent

Sharing of electron pairs

Ionic

Attraction of opposite charges

Hydrophobic Interaction

Interaction of nonpolar substances in the presence of polar substances

Van der Waals Interaction

Interaction of electrons of nonpolar substances

Hydrogen

Sharing of H atom

The Three Domains of Life

Domain Eukarya

Eukaryotes

Plant cells

Plant Cell Structures

secretory pathway

detoxification

sent out of cell

Secretory pathway

Cytosol

Medium for suspension

Vacuoles

Stores large amounts of liquid

Turgid at normal level

Chloroplasts

Capture light and makes food for the plant

Calvin Cycle

Light reaction

Plastids

Carry out photosynthesis

Cell membrane

Structural support and prevents plant from bursting Some secondary walls with lignin

Animal Cells

Animal Cell Structures

Nucleopore

tiny holes in the nuclear membrane that allow transport of nucleic acids and proteins

Nucleolus

within nucleus and helps in synthesis of ribosomes

Protein synthesis happens here

Mitochondria

Most energy is released by respiration here

microtubules

hollow rods, function primarily as support and shape to the cell

protein tranport

Lysosomes

enzyme sacs, that digest cellular wastes.

Golgi

responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products.

ER

Rough

with ribosomes

Smooth

without ribosomes

Nucleus

Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell

Cytoplasm

Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes

Cell Membrane

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

Domain Archaea

Bacteria

Domain Bacteria

Bacterial Cell Structures

cytoplasm

peptidoglycan

rigid mechanical support

Endospore

Remain viable in harsh conditions

Periplasmic space

contains hydrolytic enzymes & binding proteins

Inclusion Bodies

storage of carbon, phosphate & other substances

Nucleoid

localization of DNA

Fimbriae & Pili

attachment to surfaces

bacterial mating

Flagella

movement

Ribosomes

protein synthesis

Plasmid

Gas Vacuole

buoyancy for floating

Plasma Membrane

Selectively permeable

nutrient and waste transport

Cell Wall

gives shape & protection

Capsules

resistance to phagocytosis

Prokaryotes

Uses operons