Semiconservative Replication
DNA replication consits of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand
RNA Processing
Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends
Translation
The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids
DNA Replication
Proteins used in Replication
DNA Ligase
Joins 3' end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand and joins Okazki fragments of lagging strand
DNA Pol 1
Removes RNA necleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA necleotides
DNA Pol 3
Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by covalently adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a pre-existing DNA strand or RNA primer
Primase
Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5' end of leading stand and of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand
Topoisomerase
Relieves "overwinding" strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling and rejoining DNA strands
Single Strand Binding Protein
Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template
Helicase
Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks
Replication Bubble
Lagging Strand
A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki Fragments, each synthesized in a 5' -> 3' direction away from the replication fork
Okazaki Fragments
Short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA
Leading Strand
The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template stand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' -> 3' direction
Replication Fork
A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized
Origin(s) of Replication
Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides
Transcription
The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
Mutations
Frame-shift Mutation
Deletion
a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene
Insertion
a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene
Nucleotide-pair substitutions
Nonsense Mutation
a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein
Missense Mutation
A nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different aminp acid
Silent Mutation
A nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype
Double stranded, completentary base pairng
