Structural, Strength and Stability

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Structural, Strength and Stability

Internal Forces

Tension

It's a pulling or stretching force

For example when forces pull in opposite directions the force of tension is created in a structure. The object responds by stretching.

Shear

Shear is a tearing or cutting affect on a structure.

For example when parralell forces are acting in opposite directions a shear force or a tearing is created.

Torsion

It means to twist. When you apply a rotational force to a structure or the object s going to undergo a torsion twist

For example there are two ways that could happen: When the twisting motion is two forces in opposite directions the object is going to twist. Or... Torsion can also happen when one part of the structure's anchored and then a rotational force is applied to the other end of an anchored object.

Compression

To squeeze or a force pushing towards eachother

For example When forces pull in opposite directions, the force of compression is created in a structure. The object responds by becoming smaller.

Loads

Static Load

A static load is a force due to gravity. There are two components which is dead load and live load.

Anything that goes across a bridge or is not permenetly attached to that bridge is a live load. So for example a man walking across a bridge is a static load.

Dynamic Load

A dynamic load is a structure that doesn't have a centre of gravity and a force other then gravity

For example a dynamic load is wind or water or even any natural disaster that's cause rain, hail, or snow.

Live Load

Live load is the weight of the rider on the bicycle

For example someone riding a bike is a live load because its the weight of person. If that person gets off the bike there is no live load.

Dead Load

A structure is caused by the force of gravity acting on the structure itself

For example monkey bars or a water slide can be an example of what a dead load is. A dead load is the structure itself it can't be moved.

External Forces

Magnitude

Magnitude measures how strong a force is

For example if someone would pass me a drink and they would push hard that is measuring a strong force.

Direction

The direction to which a force is applied is the same direction that the force is going to have an effect on

For example somebody passes a water bottle to somebody else they are pushing it at a hard speed and pushes it infront of them, that is the direction the water bottle will be going.

Point Of Application

The point of application is the spot on the structure that the force is being applied

For example a person picking up a water bottle would be holding it from the middle and that is where the froce is being applied.

Plane Of Application

The plane of application is that angle at which the force is applied

For example someone that is drinking from a water bottle is drinking from an ange and thats how its being used.

Strengthening Structures

Corrugation and Lamination

Corrugation is waves or a series of arches in order to increase it's stability and it is much better resisting compression then you would expect from a flat piece of paper.

Lamination is making a material thicker which will increase it's strength. Laminating paper is a plastic layer around the paper to make it more thick and water proof.

Ties and Struts

Ties are a support that does it's work by resisting tension forces.

A strut resists compression forces.

Curves

An arch uses compression forces in order to strengthen a structure.

For example it can often be found in bridges where you have curves base supports or curves are sometimes used as doorways or entrances into buildings or structures.

Triangles

Truss is a frame in a structure that takes advantage of the strength of triangles. A structure where many triangles are linked together. There are 3 different types of trusses: A Pratt truss: Uses right angle triangles. A Warren truss: Uses equilateral triangles or isosceles triangles. A Howe truss: Uses a variety of different triangles.

A gusset is a piece of solid material that is used to reinforce the vertices/joint in that truss.

Stability

Stable

The centre of gravity must remain within the bases of support

For example the centre of gravity of a table is right in between the bases of support and that's how a table is stable.

Centre Of Gravity

If you would like a structure to be more stable the best option is for your centre of gravity to be low, rather than high

For example the more lower and wider a table is the more stable the table will be.

Unstable

A structure that is unstable would be an object that is uneven or lop sided

For example if a table only has 1 leg for a base of support that shows that the table will topple over and be unstable.

Base Of Support

The base of support holds up a structure

For example the bases of support for a table would be the 4 legs at the bottom it keeps the table steady and stable.