APPLIED SOCIOLINGUISTICS

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LANGUAGE POLICY

COLOMBIAN POLICIES

In the Classroom

Real Life: Low Socio-Economic Levels SISBEN Displacement because Internal War Drugs Gangsters Insecurity Prostitution Poverty Violence Silence in the Classroom Disconnect between Syllabus/Curriculum and Real Life Rincón & Clavijo-Olarte, (2016).

Community Based Pedagogies Multimodality: Use of Technology and Social Networking Rincón & Clavijo-Olarte, (2016).

Colombian Context Varied Population Infrastructure Curriculum SHORTAGE : Materials & Technological Resources Teacher’s Language Proficiency Number of Students per Class = OVERCROWDED LIMITED : Number of Hours per week NO Mobility Usma, J. (2009)

Subtopic

COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK of REFERENCE Externalization of Policy Discourse Instrumentalization of Languages Inclusion, Exclusion, Stratification through Policy Transfer Power and Control “Knowledge Economy” “Global Economy” Free Trade Agreement Usma, J. (2009)

LAWS

1826 : Spanish, Latin, Greek, French, English and an Indigenous Language 1970: No more Latin 1979: French 1989: British Council’s Report / Survey of English Language Teaching and Learning NATIONAL CONSTITUTION: 1991 Decentralize Lay State Recognition of All Indigenous Languages World Bank World Trade Organization International Monetary Fund Law 115 of 1994: General Law of Education “The capacity to use and understand a foreign language” Little impact on Teachers’ Practice & Students’ Learning Gap Between Private and Public 1997: COFE PROJECT ( Colombian Framework for English) Teacher Professional Development Material Resources Research Autonomy Reality: Actual University Structures / Teacher’s Not Familiar with Research / Limited Resources Law 1651 : 2004- 2016: English as the Lingua Franca LAW of BILINGUISM: July 12, 2013 EDTDH need certificate of quality Only hire certified teachers Financing NATIONAL PLAN of BILINGUISM: 2004-2019: Completely change Foreign Language Teaching and Learning Ethno-Education: Indigenous Languages Flexible Models Of Education Communicative Skills in English for schools and universities Adopt CEFR / Standardize Foreign Language Teaching Saber Exams : Asses in reading, vocabulary, grammar NOT speaking, listening, writing Diagnostic Tests for Teachers / Quick Placement Test / TKT NATIONAL BILINGUAL PROGRAM : 2005 Standards for English Teaching and Learning Evaluate Communicative Competence of Students and Preservice Teacher Professional Development Technology Different Ethnic Communities DECREE 3870 : 2006 Common European Framework of Reference for Languages PROGRAM for STRENGTHENING the DEVELOPMENT of COMPETENCES in FOREIGN LANGUAGES : 2010-2014 Emphasize English Knowledge Economy Training and Professional Development --- Teach English (Tests) Pedagogical Aspects – Materials BILINGUALISM LAW: 2013 English as a Technical Tool for Employment NATIONAL PLAN of ENGLISH: COLOMBIA VERY WELL! : 2015-2025 Diagnosis and Training of Teachers Public Schools: Increase hours of English Technology / Tools / Materials BILINGUAL COLOMBIA : 2014- 2018 Open Focus to Other Languages NATIONAL BILINGUAL PLAN: 2018-2022 MEN Web Page Last Policy Bonilla, C.A. and Tejada-Sánchez, I. (2016).

Why English?

Technology, Modernization, Economic Progress, Better Job Opportunities Usma , J. (2009). Bonilla, C.A. and Tejada-Sánchez, I. (2016). Gómez Sará, M. M. (2017).

Results

British Council and Cambridge University Press make profits Indigenous languages are underestimated Mhuysqua Ticuna Exclude Indigenous Languages from Bilingualism Negative effects on Ethnic Groups Other Foreign Languages disregarded : Portuguese (In the Amazonia) Not achieve goals set by the laws/programs Lack of Continuity Jobs instead of Social Development Disown local traditions and languages CEFR : NOT include differences between European and Colombian context Teachers are NOT heard Connected to Economic, Political and Cultural Agenda Exclusion of Less Powerful Groups “Elite Bilingualism” Students have to: Meet a Standard / Pay for Tests / Be Certified Usma, J. (2009). Bonilla, C.A. and Tejada-Sánchez, I. (2016). Gómez Sará, M. M. (2017).

Ideal

Teacher Training Programs Beyond Language Acquisition Eradicate Poverty Reduce Inequalities End the War Humanistic Social Empowering Liberating Education First Fluency in Spanish Include CLIL Policy for Everyone in ALL Parts of the Country

“… combination of official decisions and public practices related to language education and use.” (McGroarty, 1997, 1).

LANGUAGE DIFFUSION POLICY

“…deliberate policy of a government or other institutions to change language acquisition and use.”(Spolsky, 1998, 75). Internal and External

Germany with the Goethe Institute / France with L’Alliance Française / Spain with the Instituto Cervantes To spread influence, trade and tourism. Also governments direct the policies.

STATUS PLANNING

“… rules or norms when there are two or more languages are available…”(Spolsky, 1998, 66). “A political activity” (Spolsky, 1998, 69). Regulated by the country’s Constitution, laws, decrees

When a nation becomes independent: Example: India / Post-Colonial African Countries / New Zealand : Maori and English Or a Nationalistic Movement like the Zionist Movement making Hebrew the Official Language. A Religion like Catholicism which uses Latin as its Official Language

Technology Use a new term or combine terms or borrow from another language

Orthography: Example: Turkey’s modernization (Ataturk) use of Roman alphabet

CORPUS PLANNING

“…any effort to modify the structure of a language…”(Spolsky, 1998, 66). “When… the status of language is to be moved to a more elaborate level of standardization or to an expanded set of functions…”(Spolsky, 1998, 70).

“Corpus planning deals with norm selection and codification, as in the writing of grammars and the standardization of spelling; status planning deals with initial choice of language, including attitudes toward alternative languages and the political implications of various choices” (Bright, 1992, p. 311).

APPLIED SOCIOLINGUISTICS

“…knowledge gained by sociolinguists applied to social problems…” (Spolsky, 1998, 13).

bilingualism

NOT include social and cultural component of Language

1 : the ability to speak two languages 2 : the frequent use (as by a community) of two languages 3 : the political or institutional recognition of two languages.” (Merriam-Webster. n.d., 1). “The different degrees in which an individual is able to communicate in more than one language or culture” (Usma, 2009, 130).

Foreign Language

Second Language

Indigenous Language / Creole in San Andrés /Portuguese in the Amazonia

Better Understanding of the Other / Ways to Perceive the World

Window to Human Mind

LANGUAGE PLANNING

Any effort to modify language form or use / 1950s-1960s Cooper: “…deliberate efforts to influence the behavior of others with respect to the acquisition, structural or functional allocation of their language codes.” (Cooper, 1989, 45).