Bio 311c group 4 final Map

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Bio 311c group 4 final Map

Map 3

Map 2

Cell Membranes

Membrane Proteins and R-Groups Orientation

Protein Structure Bonds

Multiple Polypeptides Interacting

Hydrophobic Interactions

Disulfide Bridges

β-Sheets

α-Helices

Hydrophobic R-Groups

Embedded in Lipid Bilayer

Hydrophilic R-Groups

Face Aqueous Exterior/Interior

Structure and Function

Membrane Fluidity

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Saturated Fatty Acids

Selective Permeability

Large and Polar

Require Transport

Small Nonpolar Molecules (O₂, CO₂)

Pass Freely

Membrane Proteins

Peripheral (Surface Attached)

Integral (Embedded)

Phospholipid Bilayer

Hydrophobic Tail

Phosphate and Glycerol

Communication and Signaling

Cell signaling

Phosphodiesterase

Converts cAMP to AMP

Adenylyl Cyclase

Converts ATP to cAMP

Phosphotase

Removes a phosphate group from proteins

Kinase

Catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to proteins

Transduction

Phosphorylation Cascade

Kinases are activated by the addition of a phosphate group

cAMP

Binds and activates protein kinase which goes on to activates other kinases

Reception

Intracellular receptors

Steroid hormone receptor

Membrane receptors

Hydrophilic signal

Ion channel receptor

Signal molecule binds to the receptor and the gate allows specific ions through a channel in the receptor

G protein linked receptor

Signal binds to GPCR causing a change in GCPR shape allowing G protein to bind to it. GDP is replaced with GTP on the G protein. The activated G protein can now activate a nearby enzyme.

Cell communication

Types of signaling

Long distance

Local signaling

Physical Contact

Cell surface proteins

Gap junctions

Energy Transfer

Enzymes

Function

Allosteric Regulation

Feedback Inhibition

Cooperativity

Inhibitors

Activators

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Competitive Inhibition

Normal Binding

Enzyme Activity

Substrate Concentration

Catalytic Cycle

Binding of Substrate

Lowers Activation Energy

Energy Changes

Powered by ATP

ATP Cycle

Mechanical

Transport

Energy Coupler

No Change (ΔG=0)

Exergonic (ΔG0)

Thermodynamics

Laws

2 - Energy transfer increases entropy

1 - Energy can be transferred, but not created/destroyed

Surroundings

System

Open Sytem

Closed System

Metabolic Pathways

Anabolic Pathways

Photosynthesis

Polymerization

Biosynthetic Pathways

Catabolic Pathways

Cellular Respiration

Glucose oxidized, Oxygen Reduced

Anaerobic(doesn't require O2)

fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Outputs: Lactate, NAD+

Inputs: 2 Pyruvate, NADH

Alchohol fermentation

outputs: ethanol, NAD+

inputs: 2 Pyruvate, NADH

Glycolysis (info in aerobic section)

Aereobic(requires Oxygen)

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Paired Process

Chemiosmosis

H+ transported down concentration gradient using ATP Synthase (facilitated diffusion), produces lots of energy which is used for Pi+ADP=ATP

Electronic Transport Chain

As electrons are transferred down ETC, the energy released is used to pump H+ against concentration gradient

Outputs: H2O, 26-28 ATP

Inputs: O2, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

Takes place in inter membrane space

krebs cycle

Step 3: Isocitrate is oxidized to alpha ketoglutarate while NAD+ is reduced to NADH

Step 1: Acetyl CoA adds its 2 Carbon groups to Oxaloacetate, forming Citrate

Outputs: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Inputs: 2 Acetyl CoA

Takes place in mitochondrial matrix

Pyruvate Oxidation

Takes place in Cytosol then mitochondrial matrix

Outputs: 2 Acetyl CoA , 2 NADH

Inputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 CoA

Glycolysis

Step 3: Phosphofructokinase converts Fructose 6 Phosphate to Fructose 1,6 Biphosphate

Step 1: Hexokinase converts Glucose to Glucose 6 Phosphate

Uses Substrate level Phosphorylation to produce ATP

Outputs

Total: 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP

Net: 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

Inputs: 1 Glucose, 2 ATP

Takes Place in Cytosol

Map 1

Water

Water molecules & heat

Heat is released

Hydrogen bonds form

Heat is absorbed

Hydrogen bonds break

Bonds

Molecular Structure

Bent

Molecules interacting with water

Hydrophilic

Acids and Bases

pOH

Neutral

Water Properties

Universal Solvent

Denser a Liquid than a Solid

Expansion Upon Freezing

High Heat of Vaporization

Evaporative Cooling

High Specific Heat

Helps moderate temperature

Adhesion

Cohesion

Surface Tension

Water Transport in Plants

Chemical Bonds

Electronegativity

Bond Strength

Intramolecular Forces

Ionic

Covalent

Polar Covalent

Non Polar Covalent

Intermolecular Forces

Ion-Dipole

Dipole-Dipole

Hydrophobic

Hydrogen Bonding

Biological Molecules

Nucleic Acids

Nucleosides

Nucleotides

Use Phosphodiester Bond

Nitrogenous Base

Guanine

Adenine

Cytosine

Phosphate Group

Deoxyribose Sugar

Both

Sugar-phosphate Backbone

Base Pairing

Use Hydrogen Bonds

RNA

Single-Stranded

Uracil

Deoxyribose

DNA

Complementary Base Pairing

Uses Hydrogen Bond

Double-Stranded

Thymine

Ribose

Carbohydrates

Glucose

Beta

Alpha

Polysaccharides

Use Glycosidic Linkage

Bet 1, 6

Beta 1, 4

Alpha 1, 6

Alpha 1, 4

Storage

Starch

Amylopectan

Some Branching

Amylose

Glycogen

Extensive Branching

Structure

Cellulose

No Branching

Linear

Lipids

Steroids

Cholesterol

LDL

HDL

In Cell Membrane

Amphipathic

Phospholipids

Parts

Hydrophobic Tails

Hydrophilic Head

Form Closed Liquid Bilayers

Fat Molecule

Uses Ester Linkage

Fatty Acids

Saturated

Solid at Room Temperature

Unsaturated

Double Bond

Isomers

Cis

Trans

Liquid at Room Temperature

Glycerol

Protiens

Protien Structure

Physical/Chemical Conditions

Solution Prevents Disulfide Bond

Salt

Temperature

pH

Amino Acid Sequence

Protien Folding

Quaternary

Interchain Interactions

Tertiary

Interaction of R-Group

Disulfide Bonds

Van Der Waals

Ionic Bonds

Secondary

Types

Beta Pleated Sheets

Alpha Helices

Hydrogen Bonds

Primary

Peptide Bonds

Dehydration Synthesis

Amino Acid

Side Chain (R-Group)

Acidic

Basic

Nonpolar

Polar

Carboxyl Group

Amino Group

Main Chain

Cellular Functions and Organelles

Prokaryotic Only

Plant Only

Chloroplast

Central Vacuole

Cell wall

Plasmodesmata

Present in both Animal and Plant Cells

Cytoskeleton

Intermediate Filaments

Microfilaments

Microtubules

Peroxisome

Lysosome

Golgi Apparatus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Ribosomes

vacuoles

Nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Vesicles

Mitochondria

Animal Only

Gap Junction

Desmosome

Tight Junction

Extracellular Matrix

Integrins

Protoglycan

Fibronectin

Collagen