Diversity Map

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TAXONOMY

av Heya Khosa - Jean Augustine SS (2612)

bats

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CULTURAL SHOCK

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INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

av Joyce Ositelu

Evolutionary Milestones

Segmentation: division of the body in repetitive segments

Developed closed circulatory system

Developed digestive tract

Radial Symmetry: can be divided along any plane

Developed nervous system

Bilateral Symmetry: can be divided along one plane to make two equal parts

Developed centralized nervous system ne

Developed germ layers

Simplest Human: developed stomach

Uses flagellates and cilia to control water flow an

Developed mantle that surrounds internal organs

contains organ system

Nerve cord Paired gill slits Most advanced organs and systems

Chordata

Vertebrates

Gnathostomata

Adaptation to Terrestrial Lide

Mammals: Females have mammary glands (produces milk), have developed brains and hair has multiple functions

Placenta mammals

Marsupials

Monotremes

Birds: Endothermic (constant body temperature) and has four chambers to the heart

Reptiles:Have body scales that create a waterproof barrier that helps prevent dehydration in dry air

Amphibians:Use their moist skin to assist in gas exchange

Fish:have a skeleton of cartilage rather than bone.

Agnethanos

Cephalochordates

Tunicates

Life - the existence of an organism

1

Main topic

Eukaryotes

Plantae

Seed producing vascular

Angiosperms

-Reproduce using flowers, and their seeds are contained in a fruit

Birch trees

Gymnosperms

-Seeds that are exposed on the surface

Coniferous trees

Non-Vascular: Bryophytes

-These plants do not have vascular tissue, and they are dependent on the processes of diffusion and osmosis to transport nutrients

Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerophyta)

Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta)

Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta)

Seedless Vascular

-Gametophytes were reduced to tiny, short-lived structures that depend on moisture to carry out sexual reproduction.

Horsetails (Phylum Sphenophyta)

Club mosses (Phylum Lycophyta)

Whisk ferns (Phylum Psilotophyta)

Protista

Plant-like: - make their own food by photosynthesis

Euglenoids

-Have chloroplasts and conduct photosynthesis, they also have flagella and can absorb nutrients -Autotrophs in sunlight and heterotrophs in the dark

Euglena gracilis

Dinoflagellates

- Have two flagella

Gonyaulax catenella

Diatoms

-Single celled, aquatic -Rigid cell walls with an outer layer of silica -Asexual reproduction

Animal-like (Protozoa): -they consume other organisms for food

Sporozoans

-parasites of animals, taking the nutrients they need from their hosts

Malaria

Ciliates

-Use cilium for sweeping food and for movement (hair like)

Paramecium

Cercozoans

- Use pseudopods for feeding and locomotion

Amoeba

Flagellates

-Use flagellum for food and movement (tail-like)

Fungi-like: -they absorb nutrients from other organisms, living or dead.

Water molds

- Filamentous organisms - extend threads into their host and release digestive enzymes and absorb the resulting nutrients.

Plasmodial slime molds

- Contains many nuclei -feed by engulfing small particles of food into their cytoplasm

Cellular slime molds

-One nucleus each - form pseudoplasmodium when food is scarce

Fungi

Club Fungi (Phylum Basidiomycota)

-Release hyphae,"basidia"

Mushrooms

Sac Fungi (Phylum Ascomycota)

- Develop sacs, asci, during sexual reproduction

Yeast cells

Chytrids (Phylum Chytridomycota)

-Mostly unicellular and aquatic (spores have flagella) -Can be parasites or live on decaying plants or insects

Synchytrium endobioticum

Fungi Imperfecti (Phylum Deuteromycota)

Usually do not reproduce sexually and are very diverse

Penicillium

Animalia

Invertebrates: does no have a backbone in its internal skeleton

Vertebrates: backbone in its internal skeleton

Eubacteria

They contain Plasmids

Classified by their shape, their response to stains and the arrangements

Single-celled prokaryotes

Bacteria

Single-celled prokaryotic organisms

NO Nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Also have several chemical types of cell walls

Archea

Archaebacteria

They're the oldest organism on the planet

Lives in the most inhospitable areas

Lives in very hot, salty, and acidic conditions

Shape: Cocci - circular Bacilli -

Single-Celled prokaryotic

NO Nucleus or cell membrane or organelle

Have a very rigid cell wall

Capable of withstanding super rough environmental conditions