Language Learning Strategies Classification

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Language Learning Strategies Classification

O'Malley (1990)

Social/ Affective

Attitude

Motivations

Auditory representation

Resourcing

Elaboration

Transfer

Inferencing

Summarizing

Note- taking

Deduction

Grouping

Repetition

Evaluating

Rubin (1987)

Indirect

Social

Communication

Direct

Metacognitive

Self-management

Setting goals

Prioritizing

Planning

Cognitive

Practice

Deductive referencing

Inductive referencing

Memorisation

Monitoring

Clarification/Verification

Oxford (1990)

Indirect Strategies

Social Strategies

Empathising with others

Cooperating with others

Asking questions

Affective Strategies

Taking your emotional temperature

Encouraging yourself

Lowering your anxiety

Metacognitive Strategies

Evaluating your learning

Arranging and planning your learning

Centring your learning

Direct Strategies

Compensation Strategies

Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

Guessing intelligently

Cognitive Strategies

Creating structure for input and output

Analysing and reasoning

Receiving and sending messages

Practising

Memory Strategies

Employing action

Reviewing well

Applying images and sound

Creating mental linkages