Nationalism
Young Italy
Young Italy was a political movement founded in 1831 by Giuseppe Mazzini. The goal of this movement was to create a united Italian republic through promoting a general insurrection in the Italian reactionary states and in the lands occupied by the Austrian Empire.
Giuseppe Mazzini Also known as
"The Beating Heart of Italy"
An Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy. His efforts helped bring about the independent & unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century. He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.
Germany / Reich
Reich is one of the three major German empires that have existed.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
An Italian general & politician.
Wars
Franco-Prussian War
A dispute between France & Prussia about whether a Prussian prince would rule Spain set off the war.
Austro Prussian War
Prussia governed Schleswig, & Austria goverened Holstein.
Schleswig-Holstein
Danish War
Denmark fought Prussia & Austria.
Spanish Colonial Society
Native Americans
Americanos Indígenos
55.8%
Held a non-respected position in society.
Slaves
Esclavos
6.4%
Held a non-respected position in society,
above Native Americans because they didn't know the land as well as the natives did.
Mulattos
7.6%
People of mixed African & European descent.
Mestizo
7.3%
People of mixed European & American Indian descent.
Creoles
22.8%
People of pure European descent born in the Americas.
Peninsulares
.1%
People of full spanish descent born in Spain.
Nation, State, Nation-State
Nation-State
A group of people with a common bond living in the same area.
State
An area of land occupied by diverse peoples.
Nation
A group of people who share a common bond but without common land.
Artistic Movements
Impressionism
Gives artist "impression" of a moment in time.
Uses light & colors to capture a moment.
Showed the "happier" times of life. (An art form.)
Realism
The rejection of Romanticism, instead it's a movement that embraces life as it is. (In literature & art.)
Romanticism
Emphasized feelings. Idealized the past. Cherished traditions.
Valued the common people & the individual.
(In literature, music, & art.)
Realpolitik
Realpolitik is used to describe modest (realistic) politics
Junker
was an often pejorative designation for a member of the landed nobility in Prussia and eastern Germany
Great Reform Bill
An Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England & Wales. According to its preamble, the act was designed to "take effectual measures for correcting divers abuses that have long prevailed in the choice of members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament."
Rotten Boroughs
Rotten boroughs were found in England before the 1832 Reform Act ended them.
Garibaldi / Red Shirts
Red shirts is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy.
Italy
Since the middle ages Italy had been a collection of provinces, small kingdoms & city states. From the early to the mid-1800's, Austria ruled much of Italy, with the pope controling the central region around Rome.
Napoleon III
Napoleon III three costly mistakes
Continental System:
Stopped all the trade between
Europe & Great Britain.
Guerilla war in Spain:
Put his brother on throne.
Invasion of Russia:
He loses his army to starvation & cold.
Camillo Di Cavour
A leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.
Led independence movements
Dom Pedro
Asked to rule an independent Brazil.
Portuguese prince who was left to rule Brazil when his father returned to Portugal.
King John VI
Brazil
Ruled the Portuguese Empire from Brazi during Napoleonic wars.
Jose Morelos
Mexican Mestizo priest, fought for political reforms, including the abolition of slavery & led the revolution after Hidalgo's defeat.
Led lower classes to fight for Mexican Independence. Both were defeted by Spanish army & Creoles.
Miguel Hidalgo
Mexico
Preached Mexican independence & led rebel army.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Haiti
Leader of the Haitian Revolution. His ability to make good judgments and quick decisions led to the establishment of the independent black state of Haiti, transforming an entire society of slaves into free, self-governing people.
Bernardo Higgins
Chilean independence leader who, freed Chile from Spanish rule.
Simón Bolívar
Led his people's fight for independence from Spain.
Fought the Spanish joining forces & forcing the Spanish to recognize South America independence.
Jose de San Martin
Spanish South America
Liberator of Argentina
Liberator of Chile
Liberator of Peru
Kaiser Wilhelm
King of Prussia.
Otto Von Bismarack
Kaiser Wilhelm's Chancellor.
Radicals, Liberals, & Conservitives
Conservitives
Wanted things to go back to the old way.
Liberals
Wanted political reforms.
Radicals
Wanted violent change.
