Observational Study Designs

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Analytic Study Designs Test the hypothesis. Address the causation.

Nested Case Control

Disadvantages: - Reduce precision due to sampling of controls

Advantages: - Less expensive - Efficient

Description: the controls are sample of individuals who are at risk for the disease at each of the cases are matched with controls that do not have the disease

Case Cohort

Disadvantages: - complicated statistical analysis

Advantages: - possible to study multiple diseases

Description: - cases are selected by those who have developed the disease of interest and before the controls

Cohort

Disadvantages: - losses to follow up - requires large samples - expensive - long time to complete

Advantages: - find out incidence and rate - establish cause and effect - minimize selection and bias

Description: -population exposure status is known from the start - start with disease free people - addresses disease at the follow up - 3 cate: prospectively, retrospectively, ambidirectional

Case Control

Disadvantages: - Low data quality - difficult finding control group

Advantages: - Good for studying rare conditions - Look at multiple risk factors - Establish relationship

Description: -study that studies cases to controls -Controls must be similar to the cases -Known as retrospective study

Descriptive Study Designs Describes the events. Answers the what, who, where. Generates the hypothesis

Cross-Sectional

Description: - exposure & disease measured at the same time - assesses prevalence of the outcome

Advantages: - study nonfatal & chronic conditions - measures

Disadvantages: - relationship b/w exposure and disease may be difficult to establish - Does not reflect a casual relationship

Ecological Studies

Description: Data analyzed at the population or group level rather than individuals.

Advantages: - Easier - Hypothesis is new

Disadvantages: - Ecological fallacy-placing characteristics of a group to every individual in that group

Case Series

Description: Subjects common characteristics Describes some aspect of disease treatment, exposure, or diagnostic procedure

Advantages: - Informative - Characterize averages for disorder

Disadvantages: - No cause/effect relationship - Doesn't assess disease frequency

Case-Report

Description: Detail Generates Hypothesis Single Cases New findings/unique

Advantages: - Find new diseases - ID rare manifestations -

Disadvantages: - No generalization - No cause/effect relationship

Observational Study Designs