Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things

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Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things

Systems

Animal Systems

Organ Systems

The Nervous System

Neurons

Send information around the body using electrical signals

Peripheral Nervous System

Part of the nervous system consisting of the nerves that connect the body to the nervous system

Central Nervous System

Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord

Respiratory System

Lung

Holds oxygen to enter the bloodstream through diffusion

Bronchus

Deliver air into the lungs

Trachea

Separates into two different branches called bronchi

Pharynx

Tube that air flows down to reach the trachea

Mouth

Nasal Cavity

Allows air to enter the body

The Circulatory System

Blood Vessels

Capilleries

Thin-walled blood vessel that enable the exchange of gas, nutrients and waste

Veins

Blood vessel that returns blood to the heart

Arteries

Thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Heart

Heart Attack

Coronary arteries become blocked, preventing flow of blood and oxygen

Contracts to pump blood throughout the body

Blood

Types

Plasma

Protein-rich liquid which carries blood cells

Platelet

Assist in blood clotting

White

Recognize and destroy harmful bacteria and viruses

Red

Contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout the body

Connective tissue that circulate throughout the body

Organs

Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Specialized tissue that conducts electrical signals from one part of the body to another

Muscle Tissue

Group of specialized tissues containing proteins that can contract and enable movement

Connective Tissue

Specialized tissue that provides support and protection

Epithelial Tissue

Tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces and internal organs

Microscope

Parts of a Microscope

Base

Support of the microscope

Fine Focus

Moves stage in small increments

Coarse Focus

Moves the stage to general focus

Arm

Connects base to nosepiece and eyepiece

Ocular Lens

Magnfication

Ocular Lens Magnification x Objective Lens Magnification

Magnifies the image created by the objective lens

Illuminator

Provides light through the stage onto the slides

Diaphragm

Controls the amount of light passing through the slide

Stage

Where the slides is placed

Stage Clips

Hold the slides in place on the stage

Objective Lens

Different lenses with different levels of magnification serve to magnify the object

Nosepiece

Holds the objective lenses

Body Tube

Holds the ocular lens

https://smartschoolsystems.com/parts-of-a-microscope-2/

Cells

Cellular Differentiation

The process of creating a specialized cell to perform specific functions

Stem Cells

Tissue Stem Cells

Only able to differentiate into certain types of cells

Embryonic Stem Cell

Can differentiate into any kind of cell

An undifferentiated cell that can divide into specialized cells

Uncontrolled Cell Division

Cancer

Treatments

Biphotonics

Detects and treats cancer through use of beams of light

Radiation

Damages and prevents cell division using ionizing radiation

Chemotherapy

Drug treatment prevents cancer cells from dividing

Surgery

Physically removing cancerous tissue

Causes

Mutation

Carcinogen

Environmental factors that cause mutations

Random changes occurring in DNA

The Cell Cycle

Cell Division

Cytokinesis

Plate develops new cell wall

Cell membrane is pinched off in center

Mitosis

Telophase

New nuclear membrane forms around each group of daughter chromosomes

Anaphase

Centromere splits and sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell, becoming daughter chromosomes

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Prophase

DNA strands condense and become visible chromosomes

Division of the nucleus' contents

Interphase

DNA duplication

Cellular Respiration

Cell Growth

https://www.istockphoto.com/illustrations/mitosis-diagram

Parts of a Cell

Cell Division Parts

Spindle Fibres

Nuclear Membrane

Centromere

Structure that holds the chromatids together

Chromatid

One of two identical DNA strands that make up a chromosome

Chromosomes

A structure in the cell made of DNA

Cell Structures

Structures in Plant Cells Only

Absorb light energy used in photosynthesis

carbon dioxide + water + energy → glucose + oxygen

Single large membrane sac containing fluid to keep cells plump

porous structure found outside cell membrane, provides support and protection from physical injury

Structures Common to Plant and Animal Cells

Vacuoles

Collect and process materials to be removed from the cell

Tubes for transportation of materials throughout the cell

Contains enzymes that convert stored energy into usable energy

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + usable energy

Nucleas

Contains genetic information to control cell activity

Permeable membrane layering the cell

Water material containing organelles

https://www.123rf.com/photo_170422950_stock-vector-animal-cell-with-labeled-anatomic-structure-parts-diagram-outline-concept.html

Organism

Eukaryote

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Golgi Bodies

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Specific to Plants

Chloroplasts

Absorb light energy for photosynthesis

Vacuole

Membrane sac containing fluid

Cell Wall

Protective outer layer consisting of cellulose

Single-Celled Organism

Amoeba

Human

With a Nucleus

Prokaryote

Example

Bacteria

Definition

Without a Nucleus