vet clin path - electrolytes

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av R G

electrolytes

Mg

hypomagnesemia

2° hypokalemia

SA

GI loss

renal loss

LA

heavily fertilized pasture (LA)

high NO3/low Mg in plant

milk tetany (calves), grass tetany, transport tetany

dietary deficiency/imbalance

hypermagnesemia

- GFR/urinary elimination

post parturient hypocalcemia

K

hypokalemia (tonic)

urgent! treat!

iatrogenic HCO3, insulin

GI/urinary loss

anorexia

hyperkalemia (flacid)

HYPP (eq)

post-renal

anuria

P

high metabolism

hyperadrenocorticism

mild: comon, WNL

low metabolism

pre-renal (eq)

rhabdomyolysis

some drugs

bladder rupture

decreased GFR

Ca

hypercalcemia (weakness)

granulomatous inflammation

bone lesions, osteolysis

hypoadrenocorticism

hypervitaminosis D

renal failure, - GFR

normal/hypophosphatemia

renal failure, - GFR (eq)

1° hyperparathyroidism

paraneoplastic (SA)

+ PTHrh

hypocalcemia (tetany)

hypophosphatemia

ethylene glycol toxicity

Ca ppt

renal 2° hypoparathyroidism

isosthenuria

+ PTH

azotemia

hyperphosphatemia

1° hypoparathyroidism

- PTH

normal P

blister beetle toxicosis (eq)

acute pancreatiis (saponification)

hypoalbuminemia

H & HCO3

normal

mixed disorder

alkalosis

abomasal/high gut obstruction (rum)

iatrogenic gastric reflux (eq)

mixed alkalosis > acidosis

acidosis

normal gap

saliva loss (rum)

high gap

hyperkalemia

organic poisons

ethylene glycol

uremia

renal failure

ketoacidosis (rum), DKA (SA)

grain overload (rum)

lactate

tissue hypoxia, shock

Cl

hypochloremia

[Na]-[Cl] > 45

metabolic alkalosis

displaced abomasum (rum)

gastric reflux (eq)

vomiting (SA)

proportional

hyperchloremia

see Na

Na

hypernatremia

H2O loss

hyposthenuric urine

renal dz

primary hypodypsia

diabetes insipidus

Na retention

hypertonic dehydration

sweat (bo, SA)

salt toxicity

iatrogenic administration

hyponatremia

H2O retention

congestive heart failure

iatrogenic mannitol

Na loss

third space syndromes

Addison's

tubular dz

hypotonic dehydration

sweat (eq)

diarrhea