类别 全部 - bacteria - rna - eukarya - organelles

作者:Kai Noonan 3 年以前

290

A Common Ancestor - DNA - Ester bonds

The text explores the fundamental differences and characteristics of two broad domains of life, Bacteria and Eukarya. Bacteria are described as having a single RNA polymerase composed of four polypeptides and utilizing formylmethionine in the initiator tRNA.

A Common Ancestor  
- DNA 
- Ester bonds

A Common Ancestor - DNA - Ester bonds

Topic principal

A Common Ancestor - Histones - Multiple RNA polymerases (eight or more polypeptides) - Methionine structure in initiator tRNA

Eukarya - Chromosomes in membrane-bound nucleus - Membrane-bound organelles - Cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan, but is present
Hemimastigophora
Ancyromonadida
Excavata - Feeding Grove - Secondary Plastids

Metamonada

Discoba

Jakobida

Tsukubamonas

Discicristata

Euglenozoa

Glycomonada

Diplonemea

Kinetoplastea

Euglenida

Euglenoids (Phylum Euglenozoa)

Podiata

CRuMs

Diphylleida and Rigiflida

Rigiflida

Diphylleida

Mantamanas

Unikonta

Obazoa

Apusomonadida and Opisthokonts'

Opisthokonta - Single posterior flagellum on swimming cells - absorptive heterotrophs

Holozoa

Filozoa and Pluiformea

Philozoa - mobility

Choanozoa

Animalia (Metazoa) - multicellular - complex organ systems - gametic life cycle

Eumetazoa - true tissues

ParaHoxozoa

Bilateria (Triploblasts) - bilateral symmetry - 3 tissue layers

Nephrozoa

Protostomia - protostome development

Spiralia

Platytrochozoa

Lophotrochozoa

Kryptotrochozoa

Lophophorata

Bryozoa

Ectoprocta

Entoprocta

Brachiozoa

Phoronida

Brachiopoda

Nemertea

Mollusca

Polyplacophorans

Aplacophorans

Scaphopods

Cephalopoda

Nautiloidea

Coleoidea

Octopodiformes

Decapodiformes

Oegopsida

Ommastrephidae

Ommastrephinae

Dosidicus

Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas)

Gastropods

Panpulmonata

Euopisthobranchia

Nudipleura

Caenogastropoda

Architaenioglossa

Ampullarioidea

Ampullariidae

Pomacea

Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata)

Neritimorpha

Vetigastropod

Patellogastropoda

Monoplacophorans

Bivalvia

Protobranchia

Autobranchia

Pteriomorphia

Heteroconchia

Palaeoheterodonta

Euheterodonta

Orthonotoidea

Imparidentia

Myida

Myoidea

Myidae

Mya

Soft Shell Clam (Mya arenaria)

Anomalodesmata

Archiheterodonta

Annelida

Aciculata

Echiura

Canalipalpata

Siboglinidae

Clitellata

Myzostomida

Sipuncula

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

Catenulida

Rhabditophora

Trepaxonemata

Euneoophora

Acentrosomata

Bothrioneodermata

Neodermata

Cestoda

Eucestoda

Cyclophyllidea

Taeniidae

Taenia

Pork Tapeworm (Taenia solium)

Hydatigera

Echinococcus

Nematotaeniidae

Hymenolepididae

Dipylidiidae

Diploposthidae

Dilepididae

Davaineidae

Anoplocephalidae

Amabiliidae

Cestodaria

Monogenea

Trematoda

Digenea

Plagiorchiida

Echinostomata

Fasciolidae

Fasciola

Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)

Diplostomida

Aspidogastrea

Bothrioplanida

Adiaphanida

Tricladida

Fecampiida

Prolecithophora

Proseriata

Rhabdocoela

Amplimatricata

Polycladida

Lecithoepitheliata

Macrostomorpha

Haplopharyngida

Macrostomida

Microstomidae

Macrostomidae

Macrostomum

Macrostomum lignano

Dolichomacrostomidae

Platyzoa

Rouphozoa

Gastrotricha

Platyhelminthes

Gnathifera

Cycliophora

Micrognathozoa

Gnathostomulida

Acanthocephala

Syndermata

Seisonida

Rotifera

Ecdysozoa - molting

Nematoida

Panarthropoda

Tactopoda

Arthropoda

Mandibulata

Pancrustacea (Crustacea)

Altocrustacea

Allotriocarida

Hexapoda

Ectognatha

Insecta

Pterygota

Lepidoptera

Papilionoidea

Nymphalidae

Danainae

Danaini

Danaina

Danaus

Monarch (Danaus plexippus)

Zygentoma

Archaeognatha

Diplura

Ellipura

Protura

Collembola

Branchiopoda

Xenocarida

Cephalocarida

Remipedia

Multicrustacea

Malacostraca

Eumalacostraca

Eucarida

Decapoda

Pleocyemata

Brachyura

Eubrachyura

Heterotremata

Xanthoidea

Trichopeltarioidea

Trichodactyloidea

Trapezioidea

Thioidea

Retroplumoidea

Pseudozioidea

Pseudothelphusoidea

Potamoidea

Portunoidea

Portunidae

Thalamitinae

Portuninae

Xiphonectes

Scylla

Sanquerus

Portunus

Monomia

Cycloachelous

Cavoportunus

Carupella

Callinectes

Chesapeake Blue Crab (Callinect’es sapidus)

Atoportunus

Arenaeus

Podophthalminae

Lupocyclinae

Carupinae

Caphyrinae

Achelouinae

Geryonidae

Carcinidae

Brusiniidae

Pilumnoidea

Parthenopoidea

Palicoidea

Orithyioidea

Majoidea

Leucosioidea

Hymenosomatoidea

Hexapodoidea

Goneplacoidea

Gecarcinucoidea

Eriphioidea

Dorippoidea

Dairoidea

Corystoidea

Cheiragonoidea

Carpilioidea

Cancroidea

Calappoidea

Bythograeoidea

Bellioidea

Aethroidea

Thoracotremata

Cyclodorippoida

Raninoida

Dromiacea

Anomura

Polychelida

Achelata

Gebiidea

Axiidea

Glypheidea

Astacidea

Caridea

Stenopodidea

Dendrobranchiata

Euphausiacea

Amphionidacea

Peracarida

Syncarida

Hoplocarida

Phyllocarida

Oligostraca

Maxillopoda

Ostracoda

Myriapoda

Pauropoda

Diplopoda

Chilopoda

Symphyla

Chelicerata

Arachnida

ropygi

Solifugae

Scorpiones

Schizomida

Ricinulei

Pseudoscorpiones

Palpigradi

Opiliones

Araneae

Mygalomorphae

Mesothelae

Araneomorphae

Psilodercidae

Hypochilidae

Austrochiloidea

Haplogynae

Entelegynae

Araneoidea

Theridiidae

Latrodectus

Southern Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans)

Amblypygi

Acari

Chasmataspidida

Eurypterida

Xiphosura

Pycnogonida

Trilobitomorpha

Tardigrada

Mesotardigrada

Heterotardigrada

Eutardigrada

Onychophora

Scalidophora

Deuterostomia - deuterostome development

Ambulacraria

Hemichordata

Echinodermata

Asterozoa

Asteroidea

Ophiuroidea

Myophiuroida

Metophiurida

Ophintegrida

Euryophiurida

Ophiurida

Ophiurina

Ophiuridae

Ophiurinae

Ophiura

Serpent Star (Ophiura ophiura)

Ophiopyrgidae

Astrophiuridae

Ophiomusina

Anophiura

Euryalida

Echinozoa

Echinoidea

Euechinoidea

Echinothurioida

Irregularia

Carinacea

Echinacea

Stomopneustoida

Camarodonta

Parasaleniidae

Temnopleuridea

Echinidea

Parechinidae

Echinidae

Odontophora

Toxopneustidae

Strongylocentrotidae

Strongylocentrotus

Purple Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)

Pseudocentrotus

Mesocentrotus

Hemicentrotus

Echinometridae

Gagaria

Arbacioida

Calycina

Acroechinoidea

Cidaroidea

Holothuroidea

Paractinopoda

Actinopoda

Synallactida

Stichopodidae

Apostichopus

California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus)

Crinoidea

Chordata - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve chord - pharyngeal slits - post anal tail

Olfactores - cranium

Craniates (Vertebrata) - vertebral column

Gnathostomata - jaws

Eugnathostomata - bony skeleton

Osteichthyes

Sarcopterygii (Lobe-Finned Fishes) - lungs / lung derivative

Rhipidistia

Tetrapodomorpha

Eotetrapodiformes

Elpistostegalia

Stegocephalia

Tetrapoda - limbs w/digits

Amniota - amniotic egg

Reptilia

Eureptilia

Romeriida

Diapsida

Neodiapsida

Archosauromorpha

Pantestudines

Testudinata

Testudines

Chelonioidea

Cheloniidae

Carettinae

Chelonia

Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Proganochelys

Odontochelys

Sinosaurosphargis

Placodontia

Eosauropterygia

Archosauriformes

Rhynchosauria

Trilophosaurus

Prolacertiformes

Choristodera

Lepidosauromorpha

Lepidosauria

Squamata

Rhynchocephalia

Kuehneosauridae

Younginiformes

Claudiosaurus

Araeoscelidia

Paleothyris

Captorhinidae

Parareptilia

Synapsida - milk - hair

Mammalia

Theria

Placentalia

Laurasiatheria

Carnivora

Ursidae

Ursinae

Ursus

American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)

Amphibia

Anura

Phyllomedusidae

Agalychnis

Red Eyed Tree Frog (Agalychnis callidryas)

Ventastega curonica

Metaxygnathus denticulus

Elginerpetonidae

Elpistostegidae

Panderichthys rhombolepis

Platycephalichthys

Tinirau clackae

Tristichopteridae

Osteolepiformes

Canowindridae

Thysanolepidae

Rhizodontiformes

Kenichthys campbelli

Tungsenia paradoxa

Dipnomorpha

Styloichthys changae

Actinistia

Hadronectoridae

Coelacanthiformes

Latimerioidei

Latimeriidae

Latimeria

Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)

Swenzia

Macropoma

Undina

Holophagus

Megalocoelacanthus

Libys

Diplurus

Mawsoniidae

Garnbergia

Rebellatricidae

Whiteiidae

Spermatodus

Laugiidae

Coelacanthidae

Sassenia

Rhabdodermatidae

Diplocercidae

Miguashaiidae

Onychodontidae

Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fishes)

Perciformes

Acanthuridae

Acanthurinae

Paracanthurus

Blue Tang (Paracanthurus hepatus)

Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous skeleton

Holocephali

Elasmobranchii

Neoselachii

Selachii

Galeomorphi

Lamniformes

Lamnidae

Carcharodon

Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias)

Placodermi

Osteostraci

Pteraspidomorphi

Cephalaspidomorphi

Conodonta

Zhongjianichthys rostratus

Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa

Agnatha

Hyperoartia

Myxini

Myxiniformes

Myxinidae

Eptatretinae

Eptatretus

Pacific Hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)

Tunicates (urochordata)

Ascidiacea

Stolidobranchia

Pyuridae

Halocynthia

Pacific Sea Peach (Halocynthia aurantium)

Styelidae

Molgulidae

Unnamed Taxon

Aplousobranchia '

Phlebobranchia

Thaliacea

Salpida

Doliolida

Appendicularia

Cephalochordates

Leptocardii

Branchiostomatidae

Epigonichthys

Branchiostoma

Branchiostoma lanceolatum

Asymmetron

Xenacoelomorpha

Acoelomorpha

Xenoturbellida

?

Cnidaria - radial symmetry - 2 tissue layers

Myxozoa

Medusozoa

Acraspeda

Rhopallophora

Cubozoa

Scyphozoa

Discomedusae

Semaeostomeae

Ulmaridae

Ulmarinae

Tiburoniinae

Stygiomedusinae

Sthenoniinae

Stellamedusinae

Poraliinae

Deepstariinae

Aureliinae

Aurosa

Aurelia

Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita)

Undosa

Phacellophoridae

Pelagiidae

Drymonematidae

Cyaneidae

Rhizostomeae

Coronamedusae

Staurozoa

Hydrozoa

Trachylinae

Hydroidolina

Siphonophorae

Leptothecata

Anthoathecata

Filifera

Capitata

Pennariidae

Pennaria

Pennaria disticha

Aplanulata

Hydrichthys

Moersia

Anthozoa

Ceriantharia

Hexacorallia

Zoantharia

Scleractinia

Acroporidae

Acropora

Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata)

Corallimorpharia

Antipatharia

Actiniaria

Octocorallia

Placozoa

Ctenophora

Porifera (Sponges)

Chanoflagellates

Filasterea

Pluriformea

Syssomonas

Corallochytrium

Ichthyosporea

Holomycota

Fungi - multicellular - cell wall (composed of chitin) - zygotic life cycle

Higher Fungi (Dikarya)

Basidiomucota

Agaricomycetes

Agaricomycetidae

Agaricales

Pluteineae

Amanitaceae

Amaniteae

Amanita

Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria)

Dacrymycetes

Ascomycota

Lower Fungi (Phycomycetes)

Glomeromycota

Chyridiomycota

Zygomycota

Mucoromycotina

Mucoromycetes

Mucorales

Rhizopodaceae

Rhizopus

Black Bread Mold (Rhizopus stolonifer)

Nucleariids

Nucleariida

Fonticulida

Apusomonadida

Breviatea

Amoebozpa - Pseudopodia that extend like tubes or flat lobes

Lobosea

Archamobae

Eumycetozoa

Slime Molds (Phylum Mycetozoa)

Bikonta

Picozoa

Ancoracysta

Corticata

Cryptista and Archaeplastida

Archaeplastida - Primary Plastids

Viridiplantae

Streptophyta - Zygotic Life Cycle - tissue growth throughout body - circulation of waters and sugars through diffusion / osmosis - gametophyte dominant

Land Plants (Kingdom Plantae; Embryophyte) - Sporic Life Cycle - Embryonic presence - Desiccation-resistant spores - tissue growth on apical meristems - presence of gametangia - presence of sporangia

Polysporangiophyte

Tracheophyta (Vascular Plants) - Presence of lignin - Circulation of water and sugars through Xylem / Phloem - Lycophylls leaves - Sporophyte dominant - Thick, waxy cuticle - Stomata

Euphyllophytes - Megaphyllis leaves

Seeded Plants (Spermatophytes) - pollen - seeds - heterospory - wood - ovules

Angiosperms (Magnoliopsida) - fruit - flowers - endosperm - ovaries

Nymphaeales

Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaea

White Water Lily (Nymphaea alba)

Magnoliopsida

Magnoliales

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia

Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora)

Gymnopserms (heavily debated)

Conifers and Gnetophytes (Pinophyta)

Ciniferophyta (Pinaceae)

Pinaies

Cupressaceae

Taxodium

Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)

Pinaceae

Pinus

Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris)

Ginkgo

Cycads

Ferns (Monilophytes)

Polypodiopsida

Polypodiales

Thelypteridaceae

Thelypteridoideae

Thelypteris

Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)

Clubmosses (Lycophylates)

Lychopodiales

Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodiodeae

Diphasiastrum

Fan clubmoss (Diphasiastrum digitatum)

Horneophytopsida

Bryophytes (Non-Vascular Plants)

Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta)

Anthocerotopsida

Anthocerotaceeae

Anthoceros

Field hornwort (Anthoceros agrestis)

Mosses

Bryopsida

Hypnales

Amblystegiaceae

Tomentyonum

Woolly Feather Moss (Tomentypnum nitens)

Liverwort (Marchantiophyta)

Marchantiopsida

Marchantiales

Marchantiaceae

Marchantia

Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha)

Charophytes

Charophyceae

Charales

Characaeae

Chareae

Chara

Braun's stonewort (Chara braunii)

Chlorophytes (Phylum Chlorophytes)

Red Algae (Phylum Rhodophytes)

Cryptista

Rollomonadia

Cryptophyta

Cryptophytes

Goniomonads

Katablepharida

Palpitomonas

Haptista

Haptophyta

Centrohelida

TSAR

SAR Clade

Rhizaria - Filose pseudopodia

Retaria

Foraminifers (Phylum Foraminifera)

Radiolarians (Phylum Radiolaria)

Cercozoans

Halvaria

Aveolata - Membranous vesicles on cell membrane - Secondary / Tertiary plastids

Myzozoa

Apicomplexans

Dinoflagellates (Phylum Miozoa)

Ciliates

Stramenopila - Tripartite flagellar hair - Secondary plastids

Brown Algae

Laminariales

Lessoniaceae

Macrocystis

Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera)

Golden Algae

Diatoms (Class Bacillariophyceae)

Telonemia

Archaea - Ether bonds - Cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan
Subtopic
Methanobrevibacter smithii

Bacteria - Simple RNA polymerase (four polypeptides) - Formylmethionine structure in initiator tRNA - Cell wall does contain peptidoglycan

Traits:

Escherichia coli