The text provides a detailed exploration of various consonant positions and manners of articulation in the English language. It categorizes consonants based on where and how they are produced in the mouth, ranging from post-alveolar, palatal, dental, glottal, labiodental, retroflex, alveolar, and bilabial placements.
PLOSIVE: Part of the vocal tract or mouth is closed, then air is released with a sharp burst
.
EG."P" in Pet- Pen "T" in Tom- Ten
p
FRICATIVE: Made by closing some part of the mouth or vocal tract and pushing air through a small opening.
Eg. The “f” in “free-fresh from,” “s” in “silly”
NASAL: Made with the back of the mouth closing up so that air passes through the nasal cavity
Eg. "n" Nose-Neck- "m" Me- men
VELAR:Made with the back of the tongue and the velum (the back of the mouth). "C"
Eg. Cat-cut-cube-corn
LATERAL APPROXIMANT:
Made with the tip of the tongue placed against the top teeth, and air coming out the small space between the sides of the tongue and the top of the mouth.
Eg. “l” in lake-long-like-less
TAP OR FLAP: Basically like it sounds. The consonant is made with the tongue quickly “tapping” some part of the mouth.
Eg. The “t” in better-butter-beat The “r” in Spanish -cara
CONSONAT POSITIONS
RETROFLEX: Made with the tip of the tongue curved backward behind the alveolar ridge. "r" (Mostly dialects of American English)
Eg. Run-Ronald-Rockstar-Red
ALVEOLAR: Made with the tip of the tongue and te area just behind the top teeth"t"
Eg. Tom-Time-tip-ton
LABIODENTAL: Made with the bottom lip and the top teeth. "V"
Eg: Very-Victorious-Vocal-volume
GLOTTAL: Made with the glottis. In essence glottal consonants are made with the throat.
Eg. Hat-Hot-Hill-horror
PALATAL: Made with the tongue and the palate "y"
Eg. Yes-yellow-union,univercity
POST-ALVEOLAR: Made with the tip of the tongue and the are just behind where the “alveolar” consonats are pronounced. "SH"
Eg. Short-Shobby-Show-she
DENTAL: Made with the tip of the tongue and the top teeth "TH"
Eg.Thing-Booth-month-healthy
BILABIAL: Made with the lips."B"
Eg: Bed-Boy-brother-Bus
