History Chapter 2

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History Chapter 2

Why the British chose Singapore

British would be able to conrol the sea traffic along the Straits of Melaka.

There was no presence of Dutch.

Had sufficient supply of water.

Was sheltered by land masses, thus it was safe and protected ships from stormy weather or violent waves.

Had a natural harbour.

Singapore was strategically located in the heart of Malay Archipelago.

Lucrative trade with China and within the Malay Archipelago

-The British madegood profits by trading with the Malay Archipelago traders. -They sold their European goods and bought Straits Products such as coffee, bird's nest, rice and spices. -The British needed a new trading settlement.

-The Britiish enjoyed lucrative trade with China. -They bought tea from China and sold opium to them.

Inferior locations of Penang and Bencoolen

Bencoolen was located on the wrong side of Sumatra.

-Faces the Indian Ocean instead of the Straits of Melaka. -Was an ineffective trading centre to attract the trade within the Malay Archipelago or control the sea routes.

Penang was too far north of the Straits of Melaka

-Not useful to control the sea routes of the India-China trade. -The British were unable to monitor Dutch activities in the region. -The traders from the Malay Archipelago were also not keen to travel such a long way to trade. -It was also under the threat of piracy so it failed to protect the British ships that used the Straits of Melaka.

The Dutch controlled the sea trade routes along both the Straits of Meleka and the Sunda Straits.

Breaking the Dutch Monopoly

They were looking out for another port located south of Melaka to challenge the Dutch monopoly.

The British were worried that if the Dutch continued to extend their monoploly of trade to more areas of the Malay Archipelago, it would disrupt British trade with China.

The Dutch enjoyed a trade monopoly in the Malay Archipelago.

Rivary Between The British and The Dutch

The Dutch had dominant control of the trade in the Malay Archipelago due to their ports in strategic locations.

The Dutch and British competed with each other to control the highly profitable sea trade routes in the early 19th century.

British established their settlements in Pennang and Bencoolen.

The Dutch controled a large part of Malay Archipelago, including Java and Melaka.

Europeans came here because of the spice trade.

How Singapore Developed under William Farquhar

Problem 6 : The physical environment of Singapore was unfavourable because it was covered with jungles and mangroves.

Solution : He ordered his men to clear the jungle so that they could build proper structures such as huts to house his men.

Problem 5 : Singapore was not strong in defense.

Solution : He ordered the army to position and installed guns facing the direction of the sea.

Problem 4: Singapore was infested with pests such as centipedes and rats which brought didiseases and destroyed food.

Solution : He gave incenitives to anyone who killed these pests.

Problem 3 : Singapore faced a shoprtage of food and other materials for construction.

Also, Malays and Chinese from Melaka realised the problrm of food shortage in Singapore and began to sail there to sell their food produce for quick profits.

Solution : He asked his personnel to travel to Melaka to bring back food products.

Problem 2 : Singapore was a unknown place to many traders , so only a small amount of traders came here to trade.

Set up an office in St. John's Island to promote Singapore as the new trading settlement and to atract ships to use the new port.

Solution : He invited settlers from Melaka to carrty out trading activites in Singapore.

Problem 1 : Singapore faced serious crinimal activities.

Solution : He set up a small police force to bring law and society to Singapore.

William Farquhar became the Resident after Raffles left Singapore.

The three Treaties

The first treaty was singned with Raffles and Sultan Hussein, the second treaty was signed by the Dutch and the Britsih govenment while the thired treaty was signed by John Crawfurd with Sultan Hussein and Temenggong.

Treaty with the Sultan and Temenggong in 1824

Was signed in 1819 and Sinagpore became a colony of the British.

Reaction to the Treaty

Both countries reached a peaceful settlement bysigning the Anglo-Dutch Treaty on 17 March 1824.

The British East india Company was not happy either .

The Dutch protested against the British setting up their new trading settlement in Singapore and claimed that Singapore belonged to them indirectly.

Holland was finacially weak after the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, so they could not afford to delcare war on British and both countries would not be able to gain anything from war.

Problems faced by the British

The Sultan was under the control of the Dutch.

Singapore was a part of Jorhor-Riau Sultanate under Sultan Abdul Rahman, who was the only one who could give permission to the British.