"translation studies has grown alongside the introduction of university schools and courses, relevant conferences, translation journals, and other translation-related publications" (ak609, 2018).
References:
Edgar Guillermo Percastre Tzuc
Routledge. (n.d.). Introducing Translation Studies. Tiki-Toki. Retrieved August 31, 2022, from https://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/31805/Introducing-Translation-Studies/#vars!date=1994-01-18_12:34:12!
Munday, M. (2016). Introducing translation studies: Theories and applications. Routledge.
Baker, M. (2015, November 15). Ethics in the Translation and Interpreting Curriculum. https://www.monabaker.org/2015/11/15/ethics-in-the-translation-and-interpreting-curriculum/
ak609 (2018, April 17). What is Translation Studies? Translation Studies at Exeter. https://blogs.exeter.ac.uk/translation/blog/2018/04/17/what-is-translation-studies/
van Doorslaer's map
applied translation studies
e.g. criticism, didactics, institutional environment
research methods
e.g. descriptive, empirical
theories
e.g. general translation theory, polysystem theory
approaches
e.g. cultural approach, linguistic approach
field
e.g. political, journalistic, technical, literary, religious, scientific, commercial).
mode
e.g. mother tongue/other tongue
media
e.g. printed, audiovisual, electronic
lingual mode
e.g. interlingual, intralingual
Translation studies
Contemporary systematic approach (Science)
Gideon Toury
Translation equivalence
Adequate and acceptable translation
Acceptable
The TT is acceptable when the target culture norms prevail
Adequate
The TT is adequate when the translation oscillates towards the ST
Werner Koller
Correspondance
"Resemblance and difference between words and structures in their linguistic forms" (Routledge, n.d.)
Equivalence
"Relationship between a ST unit and a TT unit "(Routledge, n.d.)
James S. Holmes
Applied translation studies
Translation criticism (evaluation of translations)
Translation aids (dictionaries)
Translator training (teaching methods, techniques, curriculum design)
Pure translation studies
Descriptive
Description of the phenomena
Process-oriented (psychology of translation)
Function-oriented (contexts rather than texts)
Product-oriented (existing translations)
Theoretical
Establishment of principles
Partial
General
Some authors
Andrei Fedorov’s Osnovy, Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet, Alfred Malblanc, Georges Mounin, Eugene Nida.
Translation
Categories (Roman Jakobson, 1959)
Intersemiotic (Transmutation)
Interpret verbal signs to non-verbal sign systems
Interlingual (Translation proper)
Interpret verbal signs of one language to another
Intralingual (Rewording)
Interpret verbal signs of the same language
It could mean
The process (translating)
Target text (TT)/Target Language (TL)
Source text (ST)/Source language (SL)
The product
The text
The field or phenomenom
Interdiscipline
Specialized translation courses
Munday (2016) suggests that courses should include a component "of instruction in the disciplines in which the trainees are planning to translate" (p.26)
"links between different types of knowledge and technologies" (Munday, 2016, p.25)
Computer science
Gender studies
Philosophy
Cultural studies
Comparative literature
Linguistics
Early systematic translation theories
Friedrich Schleiermacher
"Move the reader towards the writer" (Munday, 2016, p.48).
Alexander Fraser Tyler
Translation "oriented towards the target language reader" (Munday, 2016, p.45).
Yan Fù
yă (elegance/gracefulness).
dá (fluency/expressiveness/intelligibility/comprehensibility)
xìn (fidelity/faithfulness/trueness),
Abraham Cowley
Imitation; free translation
John Dryden
Categories of translation
Imitation
Adaptation
Paraphrase
Free translation/sense-for-sense
Metaphrase
Literal translation/word-for-word
History
East
Translation of the Buddhist Sutras
Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Northern Song Dynasty (c.589–1100)
Xuan Zang - style of the ST
Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties (c.265–589)
Kumārajīva - yiyi (free translation)
Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period (c.148–265)
word-for-word translation
West
Fourth century AC
St. Jerome - Christian Bible
First century AC
Horace - Ars Poetica
Cicero - De optimo genere oratorum
Ethics
Professional Code
Efficiency
Accuracy
Impartiality
Aspects for why translation requieres a mediation
Technological advances
Some practices are considered as a threat by the community
Political conflict
Ethical judgement is needed for translators in conflict zones
Professional engagement
Translators and interpreters have expressed their opinions on different issues and their ethics.
Accountability
Translators can be held accountable for how and what they translate
