Pathogens and immunity

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Pathogens and immunity

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immune systema

auto-immune diseases

lymphocytes can confuse our own cells with pathogens

type 1 diabetes

in some people their inmune system attacks the betas cells, in the pancreas, and destroys them

stops producing insulin

Avtive and passive immunity

Pasive inmunity

lasts for a short time

injected with antibodies made by another organism

given antibodies by another organism

Active inmunity

long-lasting

make your own antibodies and memory cells

vaccinated

by having the diseases and getting over it

Vaccination

contains weakened or dead viruses that normally causes diseases

also making memory cells to have long-term inmunity

when it enters the body, it will be recognise by lymphocytes that makes antibodies that lock with the antigens

inmunise people against diseases

Memory cells

when the lymphocyte clones itself, it goes to the blood or other parts of the body

if the same patjogen gets in the body the memory cells will be ready and kill it before it does any harm

inmune

memory cells

Antibodies

is a protein molecule that its shape fits right into the antigen to destroy it

the antibodies sart off a series of reactions in blood that produce enzymes to digest phatogens

the antibodies alert the phagocytes do that they would come and kill them

lymphocytes produce antibodies to destroy pathogens

these are only produce when a pathogen is detected

when it enters the body, it meets with lymphocytes

inmune response

the lymphocytes will start to divide by mitosis making a clone of lymphocytes that will secret antibodies to destroy the pathogen

while the lymphocytes do this, the pathogens breeds making you ill

Body defenses

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Sewage treatment

untreated sewage

raw sewage

if it gets into the mouth, you become ill

contains bacteria that are likely to be pathogens

can harm people and the environment

mostly water

includes: urine, faeces, toilet paper, detargents, oil

waste liquid from houses, industries, towns and cities

Waste disposal

Produced methane

can be used as fuel

can cause explosions

Dangerous chemical seep out of the rubbish

Choose the strongest idea to build your essay around.

Summarize the direction you want to follow with this essay into the thesis statement.

Bacteria breed in the waste food

waste food, cardboard, paper packaging, bottles, papers, plastic bags, old tyres

Personal hygiene

Brush the teeth every day and use mouthwash

evaporation of water from sweat

washed the skin regularly

Conclude by refining the key concepts of your thesis.

keep body clean

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Food hygiene

keep raw meat away from other foods

bacteria might get onto other foods

don't keep foods at room temperature for long periods

cooking at high temperature

keep food in fridge

keep animals away from food

cover food

keep own bacteria and viruses away from food

don't cough or sneeze over food

hair out of food

wash hands

Chemical barriers

Develop the ideas presented in the introduction.

the ones that go through are destroyed by White blood cells

Type in a one-line sentence to describe the third body paragraph.

vaccination

by producing antibodies

by phagocytosis

hydrochloric acud is secreted

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sticky mucus

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cilia sweep the mucus back up to the throat

Mechanical barriers

skin

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Did you discover any interesting anecdotes, quotes, or trivial facts while researching your topic? Use them to write your sentence.

when it is cut

blood clots seam the wound

has keratin, that is difficult to penetrate

natural defences

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Take into consideration the interests of your audience.

pathogens

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Find at least one example and see whether it is well written or not.

indirect transmission

By vectors

female mosquitoes

plasmodium

dogs, skunks, raccoons, bats

rabies

anopheles mosquitoes

malaria

organism that carries a pathogen from a host to another

In food or water

transmityed in water

cholera

poliomyelitis

cooking destroys bacteria

food poisoning

fresh food should be washed

through the alimentary canal

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salmonella

Through the respiratory passages

touch a surface and then put them into the face

breathe the droplets, become infected

speaks, coughs, sneezes

viruses are propelled into the air in tiny droplets pf moisture

direct transmission

contagious diseases

fungus

AIDS (hiv)

person who has the parhogen: HOST

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between an infected person and an undifected one

microorganism that cause disease

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of the essay which you're going to analyze.

passed from one person to another

transmissible diseases

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kwnon as infection