作者：Jenna Battle 4 年以前
376
Proteins
Proteins are essential molecules driving chemical reactions in living organisms, formed from amino acids linked by intermolecular forces. They are vital in various bodily functions, including chemical signaling, which allows communication between cells and across the body through the bloodstream.
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Peptide Bond the linkage of 2 amino acids Polypeptide (primary structure) a chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds also known as primary structure
Secondary Structure takes the primary structure and folds in different ways small folded shapes within a protein caused by hydrogen bonding between peptide bonds in the same polypeptide Tertiary Structure finally forms a whole 3D tertiary structure larger folded shape of the protein caused by different intermolecular forces of attraction between side chains of amino acids in the same polypeptide. Quaternary Structure
when multiple proteins are linked together in their folded tertiary structure. some proteins only function when they combine with other protein subunits --> Ex. microtubules, enzymes, actin, myosin, and hemoglobin actin and myosin change shape to allow parts of cells or whole organisms to move Proteins the molecules that drive chemical reactions in living things the shape of a protein is determined by the type of intermolecular force of attraction between monomers in the protein. proteins are found in a variety of food (Ex. meat, fish, beans, seeds, eggs, and nuts) proteins are made up of amino acids Chemical Signalling a function of proteins signals can travel from one cell to another, or across the whole human body through the bloodstream Ex. the body's biochemical response to stress Nervous System Neurotransmitters Ex. dopamine chemical signals produced by neurons Endocrine System Hormones Ex. adrenaline chemical signals produced by glands Essential Amino Acids (9) there are 9 essential amino acids these are amino acids that do not occur naturally in our bodies and must come from or diet each essential amino acid has an R-group: a part of the chemical structure that differs from other amino acids includes: histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, leucine and valine describes the ability to interact with water polar includes: histidine, lysine, threonine describes the inability to interact with water non-polar includes: isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine Non Essential Amino Acids (11) there are 11 amino acids that do not classify as essential because we have them naturally within our bodies each amino acid has an R-group: a part of the chemical structure that differs from other amino acids includes: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine Hydrophilic (water loving) describes the ability to interact with water polar includes: arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, serine, and tyrosine Hydrophobic (water fearing) describes the inability to interact with water non-polar includes: alanine, cysteine, glycine, and proline
