作者：JOE RINI 7 年以前
573
The Mind Project
Lymphoma is a type of cancer affecting the blood or bone marrow, characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells that fail to undergo normal programmed cell death, known as apoptosis.
作者：JOE RINI 7 年以前
573
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multiple sclerosis or M.S is a autoimmune disease that effects the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
Cause- By damage of the myelin sheath (protective covering that protects the nerve cells.) when this is damaged the nerve slows down or stops. also caused by inflammation of the nerve. this occurs when the body's immune cells attacks the nervous system. this can occur in any area of the brain, potic nerve, and spinal cord.
diagnosis- the disease is diagnosed by ruling out all other conditions. people who have a form of M.S is called relasping-rmitting may have a history of at least two attacks, seperated by a period of reduced or no symtoms.
who is affected- It is unknown what exactly casues this to happen. the most common thought is that a virus or gene defect, or both, is to blame. enviormental factors may play a role.
outlook- the outcome varries and is hard to predict. although the disorder is chronic and incurable life expectancy can be normal or almost normal. most people with this disorder continue to walk and function at work with minimal disability for 20 or more years.
most people who return to normal or near normal function between the tax period and slowly there is a greater loss of function with less improvement between attacks overtime may require a wheelchair to get around and have a more dificult time transferring out of the wheelchair.
Cognitive difficulties
Lack of coordination
Sudden onset of paralysis
Slurred speech
Schizophrenia- this is a brain disorder that affects the way a person acts, thinks and sees the world. people have altered perceptions of reality. people with this disorder often withdrawl themselves from the outside world and act out in confusion and fear.
causes- the causes of schizophrenia or not fully known but, they can result from a complex interaction between genetic and enviormental factors.
Diagnosis-doctors use everything from a physical exam to blood tests and brain scans to diagnose schizophrenia.
who is affected- men and women are at equal risk of developing this disorder. however, men start to see symtoms between the late teen years and early 20s. Women, symtoms typically occur later in life , often in there 20s and early 30s.
outlook- given that this disorder is complex the outlook for a person with schizophrenia is not able to be predicted. however, there are some cases that people with this disorder have been able to improve with the illness and lead independent, satisfying lives.
lymphoma is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow.
Causes-
Cancer is ultimately the result of cells that uncontrollably grow and do not die. Normal cells in the body follow an orderly path of growth, division, and death.
Programmed cell death is called apoptosis. when this happens it form the cancer cells. scientist dont know what exactly causes lyphnoma but they say it has several risk factors.
Diagnosed-
In order to diagnose lymphoma, physicians will request a complete physical exam as well as personal and family medical histories. An oncologist (cancer specialist) will usually be consulted to review the results of several tests.Blood tests will be used to test blood cell, kidney, and liver performance. They can also detect a chemical called lactase hydrogenase (LDH), of which high levels have been associated with an aggressive form of NHL.
Several imaging techniques are employed in order to see if cancer exists and to find out how far they have spread. Common imaging tests include:
X-rays
Computerized tomography (CT) scans
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Lymphangiogram
Gallium scan
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans
Physicians may also perform bone marrow examinations to see if the lymphoma has infected the bone marrow. Bone marrow samples are often taken from the hip and examined for the presence of abnormal B or T cells.
The only absolute way to make a cancer diagnosis is to remove a small sample of the tumor and look at it under the microscope in a procedure called a biopsy. Doctors may gather the sample by inserting a needle through the skin, surgical methods, or laparoscopic methods. A pathologist examines the sample under a microscope to determine if cancer exists.
After a diagnosis is made, doctors analyze the tissue samples and test results to find out how far the cancer has spread and to determine the stage of the cancer. The stage lets oncologists know which choices will be available for treatment and it informs prognoses.
A common and simple classification scheme for Hodgkin's lymphoma considers it to be bulky (large tumor, worse prognosis) or nonbulky (small tumor, better prognosis). Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is classified according to its microscopic appearance, location in the body, and genetic and molecular features. It is frequently divided into three grades. Low grade, or indolent, lymphomas grow slowly and often do not require immediate treatment. Intermediate grade lymphomas are rapidly growing and require immediate treatment. They are often curable. High grade lymphomas are aggressive and rapidly growing, require intesive and immediate treatment, and are often uncurable.
HL and NHL use a similar staging system to describe the extent of the disease.
Stage I or early disease is when lymphoma is found in a single lymph node region or in a single organ outside the lymph node.
Stage II or locally advanced disease is when two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm or one lymph node region and a nearby tissue or organ carries lymphoma.
Stage III or advanced disease is when two or more lymph nodes or a lymph node and an organ on the opposite side of the body are affected by lymphoma.
Stage IV or widespread, disseminated disease is when the lymphoma has spread to the spleen, bone marrow, bone, or central nervous system.
Both types of lymphoma may also receive an A classification to indicate no symptoms like fever and weight loss, a B classification to indiciate such symptoms, or an E classification to indicate that the tumor has spread directly from a lymph node to an organ.
Affected-
the person who is diagnoised with lymphoma, lymphoma is genetic.
Outlook-
After completion of primary therapy for lymphoma, all appropriate tests will be repeated to see how well the therapy worked.
•The results of these tests will tell the oncologist whether the patient is in remission.
•If the patient is in remission, the oncologist will recommend a schedule of regular testing and follow-up visits to monitor the remission and to catch any recurrence early.
•Keeping up with these visits and tests is very important in order to avoid advanced or widespread disease.
If lymphoma recurs after treatment, the oncologist will likely recommend further treatment.
Treatment-
•Chemotherapy
•Radiation Therapy
•Stem Cell or Marrow Transplantation
•Immunotherapy or Biological Therapy
•Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
LSD- is a white powder or clear colorless liquid. it is a man made drug. it is made from lyseric acid which naturally occurs in the ergot fungus that grows on wheat or rye.
Drug class- hallucinogen, psychedelic.
effects- they are unpredicable and vary upon the dose taken.
psychological- hallucinations, increassed color perception, altered mental state, thought disorders, temporary pschosis, delusions, body image changes, and impaired depth, time and space perceptions. users may feel several emotions at once or swing rapidly from one emotion to another. bad trips may consist of severe, terrifying thoughts and feelings, fear of losing control and despair.
physiological- tachycardia, hypertension, dilated pupils, sweating, loss of appitite, sleeplessness, dry mouthy, tremors, speech difficultie, pilorection.
Side effect- LSD users may manifest relativly long-lasting psychosis, such as schizophrenia or severe depression.
how long it lasts- start ,in oral ingestion, 20-30 minutes. this last about 6-8 hours. residual effects may last longer. flashbacks may occur suddenly, without warning, and may occur within a few days or more than a year after use.
tolerance- tolerance can be developed through behavior with 3-4 days of daily doses. but, no addiction or withdrawl has been described. its not addicted because it does not produce compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
