作者:Joerg Bauer 14 年以前
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TM offer more levels of intervention
pros for tm
Assotiation not causation
Section 6 in the Methods and Skills Handbook: ‘Measures of association’
Models
Section 10 in the Methods and Skills Handbook: ‘Modelling development’
Problems with determining cause
Who is to blame - who should change - where to start intervention?
What about peers?
Medical problems: even medicalproblems can be "overcome"
p.85-86 highlights that other pathways e.g. language disorders are linked to behavioural problems
Problem: Causation as depenent on several factors
what kind of rules
who is asked
in what context
methodology: what questionnaires assesment methods are used
Book 2, Chapter 2: ‘Disturbed and Disturbing Behaviour’
cons for TM
Sameroff, page 77TM gives no ethical guidance as to where to intervene and works "normative" on exising cultural codes and doesn't challenge them
Is giving ADHS to kis good or bad?
Just society?
Simplyfication: TM still focuses mostly on simple 2 way interaction while there is far more tr
(see p.85) have argued that other 'environmental' factors e.g. discord between parents, are more important
end chapt 5: ' cases where gross deprivation, neglect,distorted patterns of care or abuse create an adverse enviroment in which even the most resilient child develops disturbed patterns of adaptations.'
Does the concept of interaction help here?
Pros for TM
Evidence
Def: Attachment
Crockenburg (84
influence of social support on attachment
Murray
Depression
Depression and attachment (Greenberg et al., 1993; Sund and Wichstrom, 2002).(72)
Concept of Sensitivity
Murray (1992) found that 18-month-old infants whose mothers hadearlier suffered bouts of postnatal depression were much more likely to be assessed as ‘insecurely attached’ in the ‘Strange Situation’. This effect was particularly evident for the boys in the sample
Murray also found that the children of depressed mothers were more often reported to have temper tantrums, eating difficulties, to suffer sleep disturbance and to be overly clinging, suggesting the possibility that infant temperamentmay also be causing problems
Goldman and Alansky (b1, page 203)
Not all difficlut children will end up with insecure attachmen therefore ther must be TM
Book 2, Chapter 1: ‘Parenting and attachment’;
Def: Concept of Temperament
Thomas and Chess "difficult child" (b1, pag 192)
Book 1, Chapter 5: ‘Temperament and Development’, Section 6;
def.
def. Sameroff
Transaction is more than reciprocity Sameroff (1987),
Reading A in the Methods and Skills Handbook: ‘The social context ofdevelopment’ (Sameroff)
General example of interaction Example PKU
Goodness of fit
Examples
rather take example from temperament in Book 1?
It has also been found that parental perceptions of infant emotionality at 4 and 8 months infant age predict independent measures of infant emotionality at 8 and 12 months respectively (Pauli-Pott et al., 2003),b1 page 192
Attachment theroy
Traditionally much emphasis on role of mother or parants
Study Guide 2, Weeks 10 and 11.
Media Kit Part 2, Video Band 4: ‘First Relationships’;
in methods? or guide?
where?
Chapters x
chapter 1
model of transactional behaviour
Chapters 2
pathways to negiative developement
arcticle
http://www.acacamps.org/parents/expert/031112thurber6.php
open2.net
http://www.open2.net/childofourtime/2005/extractfour.html
Readings in Methodology book
MacKinnon-Lewis et al.
neg. attitude fuels negative behaviour P75
"For example, a large-scale Australian longitudinal study (Bor et al., 2003) found that mothers who had negative attitudes towards their infants at 6 months old were more likely to report behaviour problems when their children were 5 years old, especially for boys. The following example sheds further light on how this sort of process might be operating" (73)
Pathway to behaviour problems: Mother depression assotiated with insecure infant attachment -"Insecure attachment has been consistently linked with psychological difficulties (Greenberg et al., 1993; Sund and Wichstrom, 2002).(72)" but also are children of depressed mother more likeley to have adifficult temperament - who effects whom?
Difficult child "creates" Insecure attachment
"In short, any particular ‘problems’ that a child might present need to be understood in terms of the demands of the context, the history of similar experiences faced by the child, and the history of the adult whofinds the child’s behaviour disturbing"
"If a person’s characteristics of individuality match, or fit, thedemands of a particular social context then positive interactions andadjustment are expected"
Book 2 (64): "Difficulties arise when the behaviour and goals of the child lack ‘goodness of fit’ with the social environment to which the child is expected to adapt (Chess and Thomas, 1984)."
However Simplification: "This is, of course, a gross oversimplification.Child ‘temperament’ and ‘environment’ are not single (but contextual), bipolar variables, nor are they static in time"
Environment
Adverse- Favourable
Child
Difficult - Easy
Goodness of fit is more than mere interaction
"Gallagher (2002) argues, joint effects of parenting and temperamentare not simply examples of organism–environment interaction;parenting is intrinsically bi-directional and reciprocal" (82).
"Kochanska (1995, 1997) highlighted how maternal behaviour and children’s temperament may intricately interact. She reported that fearful, inhibited children were more compliant when gentle low-power discipline was used whereas in fearless children the role of attachment was more significant in determining compliance. Whether a ‘difficult’ infant becomes a disturbed child appears to depend on the appropriateness of environmental adaptations to that temperament" (82)
Effects of temperament on school
"temperamental influences will have more indirect effectson academic attainment. For example, reactivity is morelikely to influence pupil–teacher and pupil–pupil interaction and thereby the social context within which learning takes place" (199)
temperament selecting forsuitable environment whichfeedback on experience
ADHS
In a second study Johnston et al. (2000) evaluated the short-term therapeutic potential of the drug Ritalin (Methylphenidate),
Mother's attitudes changedwhen children wre drugged
"Studies of the effects of drug therapy on mother–child interaction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) illustrate the potential impact of child variables on the development of disturbed behaviour."
"In this model, weak parenting skills are believed to encourage the child to become noncompliant to parental requests and to make unreasonable (coercive) demands on parents and othermembers of the family. The growing negative attention given to the child’s inappropriate behaviours combines with a failure to reward positive behaviours to produce an escalating cycle of parent–child conflict"
Developing cognitive abilites or not
example in sameroff?