Chapter 19 The industrial revolution in Europe

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Chapter 19 Indurstrialization and natinolism

Section 3 Natinol unification and natinolism

Section 2 Reaction and revolution

Section 1 The industrial revolution

The industrial revolution in great britian

• Began in great britian in the 1780's.
• Several factors why GB was the starting place.
• Changing argricultural practices.
• Increased food supply/population.
• Britian had capital to invest in new industrial machines.
• Britain had plentiful natural resources.
• A supply of markets to sell the goods in.

Railroads

• Richard Trevithick built the first steam engine in 1804.
• Pulled 70 people at 5 mph.
• George Stephenson built the Blucher in 1813.
• It was the first flanged wheel locomotive.
• The first true railroad was the Stockton & Darlington.
• It traveled between Manchester and Liverpool.
• In 1829, the investors sponsored a competition to find the most efficient locomotive to do the job.
• They chose the Rocket.
• It went 16 mph.
• By 1850 locomotives were able to travel as fast as 50 mph.
• In 1840, there were 2000 miles of track in Britain.
• By 1860, there were 6000 miles of track.
• Building railroads.
• Created new jobs.
• Led to less expensive transportation.
• Led to lower priced goods and created larger markets.
• More sales meant more factories and more machinery.

The new factories

• the factory created a new labor system.
• Workers were forced to work in shifts to keep the machines running.
• Factory owners disciplined workers (most of the "discipline" was beating them).
• Workers were fined for being late and dismissed for more serious misconducts.
• Children were often beat with a stick or whip to keep them working.

Coal and iron industries

• Britain's natural resources included an exponential supply of natural iron.
• the improvement of the steam engine increased the need for coal to make steam.
• Britain made more iron than the rest of the world combined.
• Britians iron production rose from 17,000 tons in 1740 to 3 million tons in 1852.

Changes in cotton production

• Manufacture of cotton was a two step process.
• First the spinners made cotton threads from raw cotton.
• Then weavers wove the cotton thread into cloth on looms.
• It was called the cottage industry because it was done in the weavers houses.
• Technological advances made cottage industry inefficent.
• The invention of the flying shuttle made weaving faster but created the need for more thread to keep up with the weaving.
• Then the spinning jenny met this need by prodcucing cloth at a faster rate (James hargreaves 1764).
• The water powered loom (edmund cartwright 1787) made the weaving of cloth as fast as the spinning thread.
• James Watt he improved the steam engine by enabling it to drive machinery.
• Factories were often located near rivers or streams which were used to power the machines.
• British cotton import destroyed india's cotton production.
• Britain's import of cotton increased from 2.5 million pounds in 1760 to 360 pounds in 1840.

Social impact in europe

• Two new social classes

Early socialism

• In this system the government owns and controls some means of production such as factories and utilities.
• the belief was that the wealth would be spread around more equally around the social classes.
• Early socialists wrote books on how the ideal society would be created.
• Robert Owen a British cotton manufacturer was one utopian socialist.
• He created two "utopian" towns:
• New Lanark.
• New harmony indiana in the roaring 20's.

THe industrial Working Class

• This class faced horrible working conditions such as:
• 12-16 hours a day 6 days a week
• No security of work, no minimum wage.
• Coal mines- steam powered engines carried coal to the top but men had to dig the coal out.
• dangers of the coal mines were: cave-ins,explosions, and gas fumes.
• Deformed bodies and ruined lungs.
• Cotton mills - the worst conditions to work in were in the mills.
• They were dirty, dusty , dangerous, and unhealthy.
• Cotton spinners worked 14 hours a day, were locked in the mills, the average temperature inside was 80-84 degrees.
• 1833- the Factory Act was passed limiting child labor in the mills.
• The work force became 50% percent women because of this.
• women's pay was 50% of what men made.

THe industrial middle class

• This class was produced because of the economic system, and Industrial Capitalism, during the Industrial Revolution.
• In the Middle Ages, the bourgeois, was the burgher or town dweller.
• They were:
• officials.
• artisans.
• lawyers.
• intellectuals.
• Later it included:
• people in industry.
• people in banking.
• Teachers.
• doctors.
• The NEW middle class was made up of who built the factories, machines, and developed the markets.

Population and Urban growth

• 1750- European population was 140 million.
• 1850- European population was 266 million.
• Keys were:
• Lower death rates.
• Medicine was better.
• more food.
• fewer wars.
• Famine and poverty were to factors in global migration and urbanization.
• Nearly 1 million died during the irish potato famine.
• 1798- Thomas Malthus published An Essay on the Principle of Population.
• This theory was that the population would grow faster than the food supply leading to: famine, disease, and war.
• This did not prove to be true during the Agricultural Revolution.
• 1800- Great Britain has one major city. London, with a population of 1,000,000.
• Six cities with populations of 50k to 100k.
• 1850- London's population was 2.5 million people.
• Eighteen cities had populations of 50k to 100k.

The spread of industrialization

• Britain was the richest nation by mid-nineteenth century.

North America

• 1800, out of 5 million people,6 of every 7 Americans were farmers.
• No city was larger than 100k people living in it.
• 1860, 30 million Americans living in AMerica.
• Nine cities were larger than 100k.
• Only 50% of them were farmers.
• Thousands of miles of roads and canals to move goods across the nation.
• Robert Fulton built the first paddle wheel steamboat.
• It was called the Clermont.

Europe

• The IR spread to the rest of Europe at different times and speeds.
• The first countries to be industrialized were.
• Belgium.
• France.
• Germany.
• The governments actively encouraged industrialization.

Romantiscism and realism

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