によって Jacen Moore 6年前.
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Chapter 19 The industrial revolution in Europe
The late 18th century marked the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, driven by several critical factors. Changes in agricultural practices led to an increased food supply, which in turn fueled population growth.
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Chapter 19 Indurstrialization and natinolism Section 3 Natinol unification and natinolism Section 2 Reaction and revolution Section 1 The industrial revolution The industrial revolution in great britian Began in great britian in the 1780's. Several factors why GB was the starting place. Changing argricultural practices. Increased food supply/population. Britian had capital to invest in new industrial machines. Britain had plentiful natural resources. A supply of markets to sell the goods in.
Railroads Richard Trevithick built the first steam engine in 1804. Pulled 70 people at 5 mph. George Stephenson built the Blucher in 1813. It was the first flanged wheel locomotive. The first true railroad was the Stockton & Darlington. It traveled between Manchester and Liverpool. In 1829, the investors sponsored a competition to find the most efficient locomotive to do the job. They chose the Rocket. It went 16 mph. By 1850 locomotives were able to travel as fast as 50 mph. In 1840, there were 2000 miles of track in Britain. By 1860, there were 6000 miles of track. Building railroads. Created new jobs. Led to less expensive transportation. Led to lower priced goods and created larger markets. More sales meant more factories and more machinery. The new factories the factory created a new labor system. Workers were forced to work in shifts to keep the machines running. Factory owners disciplined workers (most of the "discipline" was beating them). Workers were fined for being late and dismissed for more serious misconducts. Children were often beat with a stick or whip to keep them working. Coal and iron industries Britain's natural resources included an exponential supply of natural iron. the improvement of the steam engine increased the need for coal to make steam. Britain made more iron than the rest of the world combined. Britians iron production rose from 17,000 tons in 1740 to 3 million tons in 1852. Changes in cotton production Manufacture of cotton was a two step process. First the spinners made cotton threads from raw cotton. Then weavers wove the cotton thread into cloth on looms. It was called the cottage industry because it was done in the weavers houses. Technological advances made cottage industry inefficent. The invention of the flying shuttle made weaving faster but created the need for more thread to keep up with the weaving. Then the spinning jenny met this need by prodcucing cloth at a faster rate (James hargreaves 1764). The water powered loom (edmund cartwright 1787) made the weaving of cloth as fast as the spinning thread. James Watt he improved the steam engine by enabling it to drive machinery. Factories were often located near rivers or streams which were used to power the machines. British cotton import destroyed india's cotton production. Britain's import of cotton increased from 2.5 million pounds in 1760 to 360 pounds in 1840.
Social impact in europe Early socialism In this system the government owns and controls some means of production such as factories and utilities. the belief was that the wealth would be spread around more equally around the social classes. Early socialists wrote books on how the ideal society would be created. Robert Owen a British cotton manufacturer was one utopian socialist. He created two "utopian" towns: New Lanark. New harmony indiana in the roaring 20's. THe industrial Working Class This class faced horrible working conditions such as: 12-16 hours a day 6 days a week No security of work, no minimum wage. Coal mines- steam powered engines carried coal to the top but men had to dig the coal out. dangers of the coal mines were: cave-ins,explosions, and gas fumes. Deformed bodies and ruined lungs. Cotton mills - the worst conditions to work in were in the mills. They were dirty, dusty , dangerous, and unhealthy. Cotton spinners worked 14 hours a day, were locked in the mills, the average temperature inside was 80-84 degrees. 1833- the Factory Act was passed limiting child labor in the mills. The work force became 50% percent women because of this. women's pay was 50% of what men made. THe industrial middle class This class was produced because of the economic system, and Industrial Capitalism, during the Industrial Revolution. In the Middle Ages, the bourgeois, was the burgher or town dweller. They were: officials. artisans. lawyers. intellectuals. Later it included: people in industry. people in banking. Teachers. doctors. The NEW middle class was made up of who built the factories, machines, and developed the markets. Population and Urban growth 1750- European population was 140 million. 1850- European population was 266 million. Keys were: Lower death rates. Medicine was better. more food. fewer wars. Famine and poverty were to factors in global migration and urbanization. Nearly 1 million died during the irish potato famine. 1798- Thomas Malthus published An Essay on the Principle of Population . This theory was that the population would grow faster than the food supply leading to: famine, disease, and war. This did not prove to be true during the Agricultural Revolution. 1800- Great Britain has one major city. London, with a population of 1,000,000. Six cities with populations of 50k to 100k. 1850- London's population was 2.5 million people. Eighteen cities had populations of 50k to 100k. The spread of industrialization Britain was the richest nation by mid-nineteenth century. North America 1800, out of 5 million people,6 of every 7 Americans were farmers. No city was larger than 100k people living in it. 1860, 30 million Americans living in AMerica. Nine cities were larger than 100k. Only 50% of them were farmers. Thousands of miles of roads and canals to move goods across the nation. Robert Fulton built the first paddle wheel steamboat. It was called the Clermont. Europe The IR spread to the rest of Europe at different times and speeds. The first countries to be industrialized were. Belgium. France. Germany. The governments actively encouraged industrialization. Romantiscism and realism Subtopic
