Information Processing Model
Memory & Learning
Recognition VS recall
Command Based vs GUI
Post-completion errors
e.g sending email w/ no attachment
Instructions VS exploration
other ways of learning
Manual, training, online help, friends/colleagues
APPLIED: Encourage Exploration
cost/benefit analysis whether to procede
Requires they can guess. LINK TO MENTAL MODELS
Context /goal specific help
Well labelled, well organised menus, UNDO
progressive disclosure, reveal feature incrementally
Disadvantages
May forget how a goal was accomplished
reflection can help
Can learn non-ideal methods that are slower
Rieman, 1996
Problem solving, fun
just in time, task dependent
dont read a manual
Like to try it out based on past experiences & current mental model, prefer explore
Carroll / instructions
Word processing. manual vs cards relating to tasksGrp 2 quicker to learn, complete & more successful at completing tasks
Long-term (LTM)
3 related activities
Retrieving
recall & recognition
Forgetting
decay & interference. We never lose it, just hard to retrieve
Remembering / storing
repitition, meaningful,
Procedural
Hard to explain, mostly unconcious
Knowing how. e.g. to ride a bike. Learning of motor and cognitive skills
Semantic
Knowing that. e.g. facts, concepts. Semantic network of connections (neurons)
Episodic
Stories, events, about things
Slow access time, unlimited capacity, slow decay
Short-term (STM)
Interference only occurs when tasks utilize the same channel
Recency effect
7+- 2 items of information (Miller)
Chunk
Decays repidly
eg when calculating basic maths or reading a sentence
Sensory
Cocktail party effect, hear your name, choose to attend
Filtered to STM by attention
Haptic
Echoic
Location of sound, playsback to work out
Iconic
sparkler (0.5 seconds)
