Memory & Learning

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Information Processing Model

Memory & Learning

Recognition VS recall

Command Based vs GUI

Post-completion errors

e.g sending email w/ no attachment

Instructions VS exploration

other ways of learning

Manual, training, online help, friends/colleagues

APPLIED: Encourage Exploration

cost/benefit analysis whether to procede

Requires they can guess. LINK TO MENTAL MODELS

Context /goal specific help

Well labelled, well organised menus, UNDO

progressive disclosure, reveal feature incrementally

Disadvantages

May forget how a goal was accomplished

reflection can help

Can learn non-ideal methods that are slower

Rieman, 1996

Problem solving, fun

just in time, task dependent

dont read a manual

Like to try it out based on past experiences & current mental model, prefer explore

Carroll / instructions

Word processing. manual vs cards relating to tasksGrp 2 quicker to learn, complete & more successful at completing tasks

Long-term (LTM)

3 related activities

Retrieving

recall & recognition

Forgetting

decay & interference. We never lose it, just hard to retrieve

Remembering / storing

repitition, meaningful,

Procedural

Hard to explain, mostly unconcious

Knowing how. e.g. to ride a bike. Learning of motor and cognitive skills

Semantic

Knowing that. e.g. facts, concepts. Semantic network of connections (neurons)

Episodic

Stories, events, about things

Slow access time, unlimited capacity, slow decay

Short-term (STM)

Interference only occurs when tasks utilize the same channel

Recency effect

7+- 2 items of information (Miller)

Chunk

Decays repidly

eg when calculating basic maths or reading a sentence

Sensory

Cocktail party effect, hear your name, choose to attend

Filtered to STM by attention

Haptic

Echoic

Location of sound, playsback to work out

Iconic

sparkler (0.5 seconds)