Movements in Literature

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Artists of Realism/Naturalism in Literature: Bertolt Brecht, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau, Rebecca Harding Davis, Edith Wharton, Henry James, Theodore Dreiser, Stephen Crane, Willa Cather.

Artists of Transcendentalism IV: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, Susan B. Anthony, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson (slightly).

Foreign/Unfamiliar locations and the distant past

Old Poetic Forms

Ballads were revalued Ruins were sentimentalized as iconic of the action of Nature on the works of men. and mythic and legendary material (use to be seen as "low" until this era where it was seen as "high" litterary)

Which allows freedom within or from classical notions of form in art

Stress and Strong Emotion

Introduction to Adrenaline Rush like while reading Horror

Trepidation, awe, and horror as aesthetic experiences

-Empirical philosophical ideas in applied it to political economy government sciences (physics, chemistry and biology.)

-Analyze the natural philosophy and ethics - Political theories of the age.

At the time Piety and Belief were used to :

Characterized by a focus on belief and piety

Attempted to use rationalism to demonstrate the existence of a supreme being.

Artists of Modernism in Literature: T.S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, Ezra Pound, Virginia Wolf, James Joyce, George Orwell,

Literary techniques introduced :

Hierarchy Mastery

Both modern and postmodern literature represent a break from 19th century realism, in which a story was told from an objective or omniscient point of view.

Politically important in litterature

"a common motif in modernist fiction is that of an alienated individual­­, dysfunctional individual trying in vain to make sense of a predominantly urban and fragmented society".

Marked pessimism, a clear rejection of the optimism apparent in Victorian literature.

Going beyond the limitations of the realist novel & Stream of consciousness writing

Factors of social or historical change

Reject the subject of Cartesian dualism & Collapse narrative into a collection of disjointed fragments and overlapping voices.

The absence of a central, heroic figure

Rejecting the solipsism of Romantics

Introduced concepts as disjointed timelines.

Changed realist literature into concepts as disjointed timelines.

Artists of the Renaissance in Literature: Boccaccio, Petrarch, Dante, Erasmus, Shakespeare, More, Marlowe, Machiavelli, Rabelais

Artists of of Romanticism in Literature: Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Blake, Keats, Tennyson, Longfellow, Browning.

Revolutionist of that period :

Enlightenment. Artists of the Age of Reason/Enlightenment: in Literature: Benjamin Franklin, Voltaire, Thomas Jefferson, Diderot, Spinoza, Thomas Paine

Movements in Literature

Modernism: 1900 to 1940

Reaction to the emergence of city life as a central force in society.

Contemporary metanarratives were failing with World War I, the rise of trade unionism, and ageneral discontent.

Attempt to move from realist literature to introduce concepts as disjointed timelines.

Stream of consciousness writing

Collapse narrative into a collection of disjointed fragments and overlapping voices.

Reject the subject of Cartesian dualism

Culture became politically important.

Distinguished by emancipatory metanarrative

Concepts as disjointed timelines.

Post­-Modernism:

There's shift in the role of the "inner narrative of the self," from the self at war with itself to the self as arbiter, pointing to the phenomenological roots of postmodern thought.

Literature of this era does not set itself against modern literature as much as it develops and extends the style, making it self­conscious and ironic.

In character development, both modern and postmodern literature explore: subjectivism, turning from external reality to examine inner states of consciousness, in many cases drawing on modernist.

Both modern and postmodern literature represent a break from 19th century realism, in which a story was told from an objective or omniscient point of view.

Realism/Naturalism: 19th century (cultural movement in France)

Realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces (i.e. the environment or heredity) Before most believed that one's heredity and surroundings decide one's character. (Freud's mentality vs the other psychologists theory)

A Movement in theater, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic idealistic, or even supernatural treatment.

Depiction of fact or reality, rather than imaginary subjects

Enlightenment/Age of Reason: 18th Century (European philosophy)

Other elements introduced

The neo­classical period in the arts (Western cultural movement)

Classical eras in music

: Introduced elements of

Leading to the birth of socialism

The Polish Constitution of May 3

The Latin American independence movement

The American and French Revolution

Historical intellectual movement

Thought of themselves as courageous and elite.

Were driven by the belief that their purpose was to lead the world toward progress and out of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny (cruel and oppressive government)

American Transcendentalism: 1836 to 1860. (a philosophical and literary movement in New England) IV

Inspired utopian/social experiment movements

Inspired Anti­slavery/Abolitionist Movements

Inspired the Suffragette Movement

Questions of theology and philosophy

- Contained papers on art - Music - Literature, mostly German literature; translations from ancient “Oriental Scriptures”; original modern “scriptures” in the form of Alcott’s Orphic Sayings; and finally, a good deal of verse.

Inspiration from:

The beliefs that God is in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority.

Mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings.

Idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy

Writers of that time

Movement seeking a new spiritual and intellectual vitality, transcendentalism had a great impact on American literature and on such diverse authors as Hawthorne, Melville.

Which lead them to develop instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world.

A small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church

Romanticism: 18th century (western Europe)

Romaticism strongly valued:

- Old poetical forms

- Foreign/Unfamiliar locations and the distant past

Elevation of the achievements of what it perceived as heroic individuals and artists.

Overturning of previous social conventions, particularly the position of the aristocracy

Individual imagination as a critical authority

Stressed strong emotion

Renaissance/Early-Modern Period: 14th century (modern european history)

Other elements introduced:

Rebirth (Rinascita)

The results of these intellectual activities created a revitalization of European culture in general.

Rediscovery of ancient classical texts and learning and their applications in the arts and sciences.

Renaissance (Meaning)

A rebirth of European culture in general

A rebirth of classical learning and knowledge through the rediscovery of ancient texts

Introduced elements of:

Religious Reform

Artistic Transformation

Scientific revolution