Artists of Realism/Naturalism in Literature: Bertolt Brecht, Herman Melville,
Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau, Rebecca Harding Davis, Edith Wharton,
Henry James, Theodore Dreiser, Stephen Crane, Willa Cather.
Artists of Transcendentalism IV: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau,
Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, Susan B. Anthony, Walt Whitman, Emily
Dickinson (slightly).
Foreign/Unfamiliar locations and the distant past
Old Poetic Forms
Ballads were revalued Ruins were sentimentalized as iconic of the action of Nature on the works of men. and mythic and legendary material (use to be seen as "low" until this era where it was seen as "high" litterary)
Which allows freedom within or from classical notions of form in art
Stress and Strong Emotion
Introduction to Adrenaline Rush like while reading Horror
Trepidation, awe, and horror as aesthetic experiences
-Empirical philosophical ideas in applied it to political economy
government sciences (physics, chemistry and biology.)
-Analyze the natural philosophy and ethics - Political theories of the age.
At the time Piety and Belief were used to :
Characterized by a focus on belief and piety
Attempted to use rationalism to demonstrate the existence of a supreme being.
Artists of Modernism in Literature: T.S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, Ezra Pound, Virginia Wolf, James Joyce, George Orwell,
Literary techniques introduced :
Hierarchy Mastery
Both modern and postmodern literature represent a break
from 19th century realism, in which a story was told from an objective or
omniscient point of view.
Politically important in litterature
"a common motif in modernist fiction is that of an alienated individual, dysfunctional individual trying in vain to make sense of a predominantly urban
and fragmented society".
Marked pessimism, a clear rejection of the optimism apparent in Victorian literature.
Going beyond the limitations of the realist novel & Stream of consciousness writing
Factors of social or historical change
Reject the subject of Cartesian dualism & Collapse narrative into a collection of disjointed fragments and overlapping voices.
The absence of a central, heroic figure
Rejecting the solipsism of Romantics
Introduced concepts as disjointed timelines.
Changed realist literature into concepts as disjointed timelines.
Artists of the Renaissance in Literature: Boccaccio, Petrarch, Dante, Erasmus,
Shakespeare, More, Marlowe, Machiavelli, Rabelais
Artists of of Romanticism in Literature: Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Blake, Keats,
Tennyson, Longfellow, Browning.
Revolutionist of that period :
Enlightenment. Artists of the Age of Reason/Enlightenment: in Literature: Benjamin Franklin, Voltaire, Thomas Jefferson, Diderot, Spinoza, Thomas Paine
Movements in Literature
Modernism: 1900 to 1940
Reaction to the emergence of city life as a central force in society.
Contemporary metanarratives were failing with World War I, the rise of trade unionism, and ageneral discontent.
Attempt to move from realist literature to introduce concepts as disjointed timelines.
Stream of consciousness writing
Collapse narrative into a collection of disjointed fragments and overlapping voices.
Reject the subject of Cartesian dualism
Culture became politically important.
Distinguished by emancipatory metanarrative
Concepts as disjointed timelines.
Post-Modernism:
There's shift in the
role of the "inner narrative of the self," from the self at war with itself to the self
as arbiter, pointing to the phenomenological roots of postmodern thought.
Literature of this era does not set
itself against modern literature as much as it develops and extends the style,
making it selfconscious and ironic.
In character development, both modern and
postmodern literature explore: subjectivism, turning from external reality to examine inner states of consciousness, in many cases drawing on modernist.
Both modern and postmodern literature represent a break from 19th century realism, in which a story was told from an objective or
omniscient point of view.
Realism/Naturalism: 19th century (cultural movement in France)
Realism seeks only to describe
subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces (i.e. the environment or heredity)
Before most believed that one's heredity and surroundings decide one's character. (Freud's mentality vs the other psychologists theory)
A Movement in theater, film, and literature that seeks to
replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to
Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic idealistic, or even supernatural treatment.
Depiction of fact or reality, rather than imaginary subjects
Enlightenment/Age of Reason: 18th Century (European philosophy)
Other elements introduced
The neoclassical period in the arts (Western cultural movement)
Classical eras in music
: Introduced elements of
Leading to the birth of socialism
The Polish Constitution of May 3
The Latin American independence movement
The American and French Revolution
Historical intellectual movement
Thought of themselves as courageous and elite.
Were driven by the belief that their
purpose was to lead the world toward progress and out of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny (cruel and oppressive government)
American Transcendentalism: 1836 to 1860. (a philosophical and literary movement in New England) IV
Inspired utopian/social experiment movements
Inspired Antislavery/Abolitionist Movements
Inspired the Suffragette Movement
Questions of theology and philosophy
- Contained papers on art - Music - Literature, mostly German literature; translations from ancient “Oriental Scriptures”; original modern “scriptures” in the form of Alcott’s Orphic Sayings; and finally, a good deal of verse.
Inspiration from:
The beliefs that God is in each person and in nature and
that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority.
Mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings.
Idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy
Writers of that time
Movement seeking a new spiritual and intellectual vitality, transcendentalism had a great impact on American literature and on such diverse authors as Hawthorne, Melville.
Which lead them to develop instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world.
A small group of intellectuals who were
reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church
Romanticism: 18th century (western Europe)
Romaticism strongly valued:
- Old poetical forms
- Foreign/Unfamiliar locations and the distant past
Elevation of the achievements
of what it perceived as heroic individuals and artists.
Overturning of previous social conventions,
particularly the position of the aristocracy
Individual imagination as a critical authority
Stressed strong emotion
Renaissance/Early-Modern Period: 14th century (modern european history)
Other elements introduced:
Rebirth (Rinascita)
The results of these intellectual activities created a revitalization of
European culture in general.
Rediscovery of ancient classical
texts and learning and their applications in the arts and sciences.
Renaissance (Meaning)
A rebirth of European culture in general
A rebirth of classical learning and knowledge through the rediscovery of ancient texts
Introduced elements of:
Religious Reform
Artistic Transformation
Scientific revolution
