2

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tight junctions

long distance signaling

travel in bloodstream

plasmodesmata

gap junctions

paracrine signaling

secretory vesicle

extracellular fluid

synaptic signaling

electrical signals

synapse

dimer

ATP is hydrolyezed to ADP

phosphate groups are added

phosphorylated dimer

2 inactive relay proteins to attach

Subtopic

inactive

ligand-gated ion channel receptor

closed

bound with ligand

activates the channel

flow of specific ions

intramembrane space

rapid change of concentration

an action potential

a cellular response is generated

Cell Signaling

reception

ligand binds to receptor

on the membrane

transduction

plasma membrane

series of enzyme activations

chemical signals

response

Ion Channels

G Protein Linked

G protein coupled receptor

G protein

Adenylyl Cyclase

enzyme

cAMP

second messenger

Protein Kinase A

phosphorylation cascade

cellular response is generated

GDP is bound

GTP is bound

ligand attaches to binding site

neurotransmitters

protein hormones

Tyrosine Kinase

2 tyrosine kinase proteins

ligand binds to binding site

Processes of ATP formation

Photosynthesis

stage 1

cellular respiration

Takes place in the cytosol

Takes place on the mitochondria

26-28 ATP

ATP Synthase

H+ gradient

Chemiosmosis

H+ pump into innermembrane space

Cyt c

Complex 4

Complex 3

Q

Complex 2

Complex 1

Alpha ketogluterase

Isocitrate

Citrate

Oxaloacetate

Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate

Phosphofructokinase

Hexokinase

Fructose 1, 6- Biphosphate

Fructose 6 Phosphate

Glucose 6-Phosphate

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Glucose

Oxygen

Pyruvate Oxidation

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Kreb’s Cycle

Citric Acid Cylcle

Glycolysis

Cell Respiration

Functions of

Trans unsaturated

Cis Unsaturated

A molecule with both properties

Amphipathic

Phospholipids

Backbone

Anti parallel

Strands

Cytosine

Guanine

Adenine

Thymine

Uracil

Ribose

Nucleosides

Code for proteins

Inheritence

Nitrogenous Base

Phosphate Group

Deoxiribose

Pentose Sugar

Hydrogen bond

Phosphodiester bond

DNA

Nucleotides

capsule and slime layers

defense and adhesion

unicellular

Cells

Plasma Membrane

High to low concentration Along concentration gradient ATP is not required

Passive

Diffusion

Facilitated

Proteins aid in transport

Hydrophobic

Amino acids with nonpolar R groups

Hydrophilic

amino acids with polar R groups

Osmosis

Water from high (through semi-permeable membrane) to low concentration until water is equal on both sides of plasma membrane

Water Balance

Hypotonic

rapidly gain water

turgid

swell until the wall opposes uptake

Solution has lower solute concentration than another solution Water particles move into cell, cell explands & eventually lyses

Isotonic

water will not flow in or out

ideal state

flaccid

no net movement inside cell

Same solute concentration as another solution Overall concentration on both sides of cell membrane is constant

Hypertonic

water molecules within cells diffuse out & the solute molecules enter, making cell shrink

Plasmolyzed

membrane pulls away from wall

plasmolysis

Higher solute concentration than another solution Water particles move out cell

Simple

Small nonpolar molecules can pass through Polar molecules have some trouble passing through Ions cannot pass through

Low to high concentration Against concentation gradient ATP required

Active

Vesicles

Small sac-like organelles that store & transport materials inside cell

Substance entering cell

Endocytosis

Receptor-Mediated cytosis

Specialized type of pinocytosus enabling cell to acquire bulk amounts of specific substance

Phagocytosis

Solid particles into cell through formation of membrane vesicle

Pinocytosis

Cell takes in fluids along with dissolved small molecules

Substance leaving cell

Exocytosis

outward transport of large particles via vesicle which fuses with cell membrane

Sodium potassium pump

proteins aid Na+ & K+ across the membrane

Secondary

Primary

Eukaryotes

cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

amphipathic

selectively permeable membrane

small, nonpolar molecules

Eukarya

animal cells

plant cells

vacuole

cell sap

storage of materials and water

cellulose

chloroplasts

green color

Prokaryotes

RNA

mRNA

sending messages in the cell

tRNA

transporting genetic information

rRNA

translating messages

ribosomes

protein synthesis

flagella and cilia

movement

membrane bound organelles

rough ER

proteins

smooth ER

lipids, phospholipid and steroids

golgi apparatus

transporting and packaging proteins/lipids

lysosomes

waste removal

mitochondria

ATP

photosynthesis

energy for cell

cytoplasm

glycogen

gel like fluid

between cell membrane and nucleus

place where organelles can function

granules

energy

nucleus

genetic information

DNA/chromosomes

double helix

cell's activity

bacteria

cell wall

cell structure

peptidoglycan

archaea

extremely hot environments

circular DNA

Plasmid

genetic info

Nucleic Acids

Ionic bonds

Hydrophobic Interactions

Disulfide bonds

Intermolecular bonds

Intramolecular bonds

R Groups

Quaternary Structure

Hydrogen bonds

Beta sheets

Alpha helices

Amino acid sequence

Tertiary Structure

Primary structure

Secondary Structure

Levels of Structure

Defense

Storage

Transport

Enzymes

Peptide bonds

Polypeptides

Amino acids

Proteins

Store energy

Phospholipid Bilayer

Saturated

Unsaturated

Glycerol

Fatty acids

Lipids

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

null

Beta glucose

Alpha glucose

Cellulose

Amylose

Amylopectin

Glycogen

Structure

Storage molecules

Dehydration synthesis

Glycosidic linkages

Polysacharides

Monosacharides

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