Biology Graphic Organizer

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Three collagen polypeptides

Triple helix quaternary structure

Hydrogen bonds

Stable, strong, fibrous structure ideal for connective tissue

5-carbon sugar with aldehyde group on c-5 and hydroxyl groups on C-2 and C-3.

Two hydroxyl groups make it easier for ribose to participate in hydrolysis reactions

Nucleic Acids

Ribonucleic Acid

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Negatively charged phosphate group

Ribose sugar

Deoxyribose sugar

Phosphate group. C-5 on the sugar binds to oxygen on Phosphate.

Phosphodiester linkage

Nucleic acid backbone, comprised of phosphate and sugar

Nitrogenous bases, attached to C-1 on sugar molecule

Guanine, cytosine, adenine

Fourth base is thymine, specific to DNA

Hydrogen bonds are formed between complementary bases

Guanine binds with cytosine, adenine binds with uracil

One polynucleotide chain folds inwards on itself, bringing complementary bases on the same RNA strand close for hydrogen bonding.

Guanine binds with cytosine, adenine binds with thymine

Two separate DNA polynucleotide chains connect in antiparallel. Complementary bases on the two strands form hydrogen bonds.

Sequence of nitrogen bases code for the production of specific amino acids in the ribosomes.

Responsible for transcription of genetic information found in DNA and decoding of this information in the ribosomes.

Some viruses also use RNA as their primary unit for storing genetic information instead of DNA

Used for storing genetic information in most organisms

Found in the nucleus of cells in the form of chromosomes.

Fourth base is uracil, specific to RNA

Identical to ribose, with the oxygen atom from the hydroxyl group on C-2 absent.

Absence of a second -OH group makes DNA more stable, ideal for long-term preservation of genetic material

Lipids

Phospholipids

Cell membrane

Defines the structure of cells

Phospholipid bilayer structure

Amphipathic properties of phospholipids

Triglycerides

Glycerol backbone

Three hydroxyl groups

Fatty acid carboxyl groups

Dehydration synthesis

Ester linkage

Two non-polar fatty acid chains

Polar phosphate group

Three fatty acid chains

Fats and oils

Take longer for the body to metabolize than carbohydrates

Triglycerides are used for long-term energy storage in plants and animals

Macronutrients

Proteins

Structural

Collagen

1/3 glycine amino acid

Very compact, dense animo acid

Closely packed, allowing for hydrogen bonding between collagen peptide chains

Connective tissue

Sensory

Rhodopsin protein

348 amino acids

Lysine amino acid residue

Receptor protein

Covalently bound

Light-sensitive molecule

Changes shape in response to light

Activation of other proteins in retinal rod cell

Informs the brain of the presence of light

Retina

Detect light

Made by animals for energy storage

High quantities of glucose in a compressed format makes for effective storage of glucose for later use in energy production.

Strong intermolecular forces of attraction.

Glucose and water are both polar

Glucose is water soluble

Glucose can be dissolved and transported within the body using water.

Simplest and smallest form of carbohydrate

Easy to break down for ATP production

Preferred source of energy for the body

Two polar substances in contact

Broken down into glucose and fructose by enzymes in the small intestine,

These monosaccharides can then be used in energy production.

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Glycogen

Thousands of glucose monomers

Linked by 𝛂(1→4) glycosidic bonds.

Branches every 8-12 glucose units through an 𝛂(1→6) glycosidic bond.

Very large branched structures

Disaccharides

Sucrose

Polar and highly water soluble

Also contains carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups, enabling the creation of hydrogen bonds

Plants make it as a form of energy storage.

One glucose monomer and one fructose (isomer of glucose) monomer

Glycosidic bond between C1 on an 𝛂-glucose molecule and C4 on a 𝜷-fructose molecule.

Monosaccharides

6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen

Polar functional groups aldehyde and hydroxyl

Can be shaped as a hexagonal ring or an open chain

Function

Structure

Additional info.

Glucose