Biology Study

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Vascular Bundle

Conducting vessels made of phloem and xylem (typically xylem inside phloem outside)

1000μm = 1mm 1000mm = 1m

Carries photosynthesis products (sugars)

Carries water and minerals

Ground

Does photosynthesis (6CO2+H2O -light energy-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 )

Support cells

Protect on surface

Connective

Fat

Conserve heat, broken down for cellular respiration

Bone

Provide rigid bodily structure

Blood

White

Fight infection & disease

Red

Carry O2 and CO2

Neurons

Transmit electrochemical messages

Epithelial

Columnar

Secretes things (e.g mucus, stomach acid)

Protect cells underneaths

Cardiac

Pump blood from heart, involuntary

Smooth

Contracts to move things through body (e.g air & food), involuntary

Contract to move bones, under voluntary control

Microscope

Ocular lens

10x

High power objective

40x

.4mm approx. diametre

Medium power objective

2mm approx. diametre

Low power objective

4mm approx. diametre

Cell Division

Ways in which it fucks up

Shtty metaphase

Not pulled apart properly

Less chromosomes

Not enough genetic information

Doesn't know how to function, dies

More chromosomes

Hard to grow, mutations happen

Deadly mutation cause cell death

Purpose

Replace / Repair

Cells die - need replacements

Grow

Be big and strong

Process

Cytokinesis

Plant

Cell plate forms

Permanent neighbors :)

Animal

Cleavage furrow forms and separates

Mitosis

Telophase

Nucleolus reappears

Nuclear membranes start reforming

Spindle fibers dissapears

Cell begins to get stretched

Anaphase

Chromatids arrive at poles

Spindles pull sister chromatids apart forming identical daughter chromosomes

Metaphase

Spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids

Chromatids line up along the metaphase plate (imaginary)

ANIMAL CELLS: Centromeres arrive at poles

Prophase

ANIMAL CELLS: Centromeres start moveing

Nuclear membrane breaks down

Nucleolus dissapears

Spindle fiber created on centromeres

Chromatin coils and turns in to sister chromatids

Interphase

Makes organelles and proteins

Double DNA in nucleus

Checkpoint

Stop and fix, if can't commence apoptosis

Makes organelles and grows

Organelles

Smooth ER

Contain enzymes for synthesis lipids

Rough ER

Ribosomes on the surface and involved in protein synthesis

Cytoskeleton

Gives eukaryotic cells there shape and involved in movement

Contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

Complex of DNA and protein that package long DNA molecules

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Chloroplasts

PLANT CELL: Captures energy from the sunlight and uses it to produce food

Golgi Apparatus

Receives proteins & materials from the ER, packages them, & distributes them

Vacuoles

Stores food, water, wastes and other materials in plant cells

Cell Wall

PLANT CELL: Rigid outer layer

Cell Membrane

Bilayer membrane of lipids that controls what comes into and out of a cell

Nucleus

Contain DNA, which controls the functions of the cell and production of proteins

Ribosomes

Assembles amino acids to create proteins

Lysosomes

Uses chemical to break down food and worn out cell parts

Mitochondria

Produces the energy a cell needs to carry out its functions

Centrioles

ANIMAL CELLS: Located near the nucleus and help pull chromatids apart during cell division

Nuclear membrane

Membrane of lipids that encloses the nucleoplasm Controls the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus

Cytosol

Gel-like fluid where organelles are found

Plant Systems

Shoot

Flower

Reproduce

Pollen from stamen to pistil - Reach egg at stigma

Stores sugars, makes colours

Buds, minimal

Stems

Fuction

Transport water and nutrients

Support leaves

Phloem

Brings sugars from sources (high conc.) to sinks (low conc.)

Methods

Negative pressure

Transpiration pull

Column of water in xylem, when molecule of water is used it creates a -ve gap. The one underneath fills it's spot

up to the top

Possitive pressure

Capillary action

Water attracted to xylem, stays together with surface tension

up to 1-2m

Root pressure

Osmotic pressure in root cells

up to 30cm

Carry water

Green stems

Keep plant upright and tall to allow it to compete for sunlight

Protect plat

Fuzz with toxin

Spikes

Leaf

Perform photosynthesis to create fuel

Move produced C6H12O6 to places where growth needed

Brings H2O for photsynthesis

Mesophyll cells

Spongy

Has spaces to keep gases, behind surface

Palisade

Tightly packed, the surface

Minimal

Stomata (pl. stoma) open to release O2 and take in CO2

Cuticle (wax) protect from water loss

Root

Absorb, anchor, and store

Tissues

Pholem

Bring sugar to root

Xylem

Water and mineral to the rest of the shoot

Photosynthetic

N/A (underground)

Support

Supports holding structure of stored materials

Dermal

Control material movement

Cell Theory

All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Cells are the basic units of life

All living things are made of cells

DNA

Made from

Phosphate backbone

Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides

Nucleotides

Cytosine

Guanine

Thymine

Adenine

Makes

Chromosomes

Chromatids

Chromatin

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Unspecialised Cells

Advantages and disadvantages

Disadvantages

Always prepared for task less energy wasted preparing

Evolves faster

Focus on fewer tasks at once and do the work more efficiently

Advantages

Requires complex structure to allow for it to work

Interdependence

Stem cells

Adult

Examples

Neural stem cells

Create neurons

Bone marrow cells

Create red blood cells

Highly specialised

Pluripotent

Semilimited

Based off location in embryo

Until birth

Totipotent

Can turn into any cell

Purpose to divide

3-4 weeks start specialisation

<2 week old embryo

Cancer

Treatment

Surgery

Remove the cancerous cells

Radiation Therapy

Mutate cells so much they can't do mitosis

Chemotherapy

Chemicals target fast growing cells

Cancerous cells

Effect

Grows uncontrollably

Causes problems with organ functions

Forms tumour

Cause

Fucked up DNA fucks up division

Shitty parents (inherited DNA)

Exposure to carcinogens

Meristem cells

Cambiums

Vascular

Creates xylem and phloem

Cork

Outer layer, bark

Intercalary

Pushes out (i.e leaves)

Apical

Out from tip (i.e roots and branches)

Imaging

Endoscopy

Camera through an orfice

(Radiograph) X-ray

High energy waves passes through most things except for bone getting an image

MRI

Big electromagnets

Can be all of them

Shitty version

CT-scan

X-Ray ring takes slices

Ultrasound

How it works

Live image

High frequency sounds

Basically echolocation

Systems serviced

Animal Systems

Muscular

All muscles

Movement

Integumentry

Skin

Protection

Immune

Lymph nodes

Fight infection

Excretory

Liver

Kidneys

Remove wastes

Endocrine

Pancreas

Pituitary gland

Chemical messages (hormones)

Reproductive

Testicles ♂

Ovaries ♀

Reproduce (the meaning of life)

Skeletal

All Bones

Support and protect

Nervous

Spinal cord

Brain

Sending electrochemical messages

Digestive

High concentration to low concentration

Fish, amphibians, and mammals

Worms and Insects

Teeth

Mechanical digestion

Spiracles

Stomach

Mechanical and chemical digestion

Intestine

Absorb

Gizzard

Crush with stones (mechanical digestion)

Crop

Store

Break down & absorb nutrients

Respiratory

Lungs -> left side of heart

Lungs (immature) + Cutaneous respiration

Gills

Countercurrent flow

Cutaneous respiration

Diffusion

Lungs

Exchange Gases

O2 in CO2 out

Circulatory

Animal Groups

Mammals

Double loop

4 chambered heart

Amphibians

Incomplete loop

3 chambered heart

Fish

2 chambered heart

Insects

Open system Haemolymph

Haemolymoph = insect blood

Worms

Single loop

5 aortic arches

Unicellular

N/A

Major Organs

Blood vessels

Capillaries

Blood from body to heart

Veins

Between arteries and capillaries, move wastes

Arteries

Blood from heart to body

Heart

Ventricle

Move blood (output)

Atrium

Collect blood (input)

Function

Move Materials