Diversity of Life

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Kingdoms of Life

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Enchiodermata -Radial Symmetry -Internal Skeleton -Water Vascular System

Chordata -Dorsal Nerve Cord -Notochord -Paired Gill Slits -Post Anal Tail

Mollusca -Body Plan -Shells -Coelem To Protect Organs -Foot -Mantle

Arthropoda -Hard Exoskeleton Made Out Of Chitin And Protein -Joint Appendages/Segmented Body -Must Molt To Grow

Annelida -Closed Circulatory System -Complete Digestive Tract -Body Segmentation -Coelem To Protect Organs

Nematoda -Body Cavity -Bilateral Symmetry -Complete Digestive Tract

Platyhelminthes (Flatworm) -Bilateral Symmetry -3 Tissue Layers -Centralized Nervous System -No Body Cavity -No Circulatory System -No Skeleton

Cnidaria -2 Tissue Layers -Radial Symmetry

Porifera -Simplest organisms -Asymmetrical -No Tissues -Asexual or Sexual Reproduction

Characteristics of Animals -Eukaryotic (Multi Cellular) -Heterotrophic (Eat to Gain Energy) -Motile -Made Up Of Cells That Do Not Have Cell Walls -Diploid

Characteristics of Fungi -Eukaryotic (Multi Cellular) -Usually not motile -Asexual and Sexual -Reproduced through spores -Chemoheterotrophic (Cannot Produce Own Food So It Must Absorb It)

Characteristics of Plantae -Eukaryotic (Multi cellular) -Photosynthetic -Develop From Embryos

Characteristics of Protists -Aquatic -Heterotrophic and Autotrophic -Unicellular (Some Are Multicellular) -Large Complex Cells -Diverse Kingdom

Characteristics of Archaebacteria -Unicellular -Prokaryotic (No Nucleus) -Live in Extreme Environments -Autotrophic and Heterotrophic -Asexual Reproduction (Binary Fission)

Characteristics of Eubacteria -Unicellular -Prokaryotic (No Nucleus) -No Membrane Bound Organelles -Asexual Reproduction (Binary Fission)

Characteristics of Eukarya -Multicellular and Unicellular -Autotrophic and Heterotrophic -Membrane Bound Nucleus -Membrane Bound Organelles

Characteristics of Archaea -Unicellular -Prokaryotic (No Nucleus) -Live in Extreme Environments -Autotrophic and Heterotrophic -Asexual Reproduction (Binary Fission)

Characteristics of Bacteria -Unicellular -Prokaryotic (No Nucleus) -No Membrane Bound Organelles -Asexual Reproduction (Binary fission)

ishanabhi

Eukarya

Animalia

Chordata: Anura (Frog)

Vertebrate

Gnathostomata

Mammalia: Bear

Terrestrial Adaptations -Hair To Keep Warm -Milk To Nourish Offspring -Endothermic: Maintain High Temperature

Placental Mammals

Reproduction Strategy -Offspring develop completely inside mothers body -Offspring grow inside of mothers placenta The Placental mammal reproduction strategy is superior to the reproducton of marsupials, because offspring are able to develop completely inside of mothers body, unlike marsupials where they are born immature. Since they are, born more mature they have higher chances of survival.

Xenarthra

Armadillo

Chiroptera

Bats

Primates

Gorilla

Marsupials

Reproduction Strategy -Embryos are born immature -Embryo completes development in a pouch outside of mothers body The Marsupial reproduction strategy is superior to the reproduction strategy of monotremes, because monotreme offspring are less likely to survive due to the fact that eggs are harder to protect than embryos in a mothers pouch. Marsupial offspring are

Microbiotheria

Dromiciops australis

Paucituberculata

Shrew opposum

Diprotodontia

Kangaroo

Monotremes

Reproduction Strategy -Lay eggs

Tachyglossa

Short-beaked echidna

Ornithorhynchidae

Platypus

Aves

Terrestrial Adaptations -Glizzard Organ To Digest -Shaped Feet To Stand On Branches -Endothermic: Maintain High Temperature

Example: Parrot

Reptilia

Terrestrial Adaptations -Scales To Protect Skin -Amniotic Eggs Allows Eggs To Be Layed On Dry Land -Clawed Toes For Self Defence, Climbing and Digging -Bury Eggs To Protect Offspring

Example: Snake

Amphibia

Terrestrial Adaptations -Moist Skin Helps To Absorb Oxygen -Three Chambered Heart For Efficiency

Example: Frog

Osteichthyes: Bony Fish

Terrestrial Adaptations -Scales To Protect Body -Operculum: Protective Flap To Protect Gills -Swim Bladder To Float At Optimal Depth

Example: Catfish

Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fish

Terrestrial Adaptations - Sensory Organs To Detect Animals - Paired Fins To Propel Through Water

Example:Shark

Agnathans

Cephalaspidomorphi

Eample:Lamprey

Myxini

Terrestrial Adaptations -Long And Thin -Cartilage Skeleton

Example:Hagfish

Cephalochordates

Tunicates

Enchiodermata: Asteroidea (Starfish)

Mollusca: Teuthida (Squid)

Arthropoda: Rhopalocera (Butterfly)

Myriapod

Symphyla

Symphyla (Garden Centipede)

Pauropoda

Hexamerocerata

Diplopoda

Diplopoda (Millipede)

Chilopoda

Lithobiomorpha (Stone Centipede)

Crustacea

Ostracoda

Podocopida

Branchiopoda

Composita

Maxillopoda

Cirripedia (Barnacle)

Malacostra

Nephropidae (Lobster)

Hexapoda

Entognatha

Collembola (Springtail)

Insecta

Anthophila (Bee)

Chelicerates

Pycnogonida

Pantopoda (Sea Spider)

Merostomata

Limulidae (Horseshoe Crab)

Arachnida

Araneae (Spider)

Annelida: Lumbricina (Earthworm)

Nematoda: Ascaridida (Roundworm)

Platyhelminthes: Cestoda (Tapeworm)

Cnidaria: Medusozoa (Jellyfish)

Porifera: Demospongiae (Sponge)

Fungi

Chytridiomycota

Can reproduce both sexually, and asexually. For asexual reproduction, the sporangia release zoospores, that germinate into sporophytes. For sexual reproduction, sporangium germinates which releases haploid zoospores, which germinate into gametophytes. After it matures, it combines with a female gamete, to make a zygote.

Allomyces

Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

Reproduces both sexually, and asexually. Reproduces asexually, like other fungi, when cells split apart, to create a copy of the fungus. In sexual reproduction, mycelia of different mating strains combine to create mycelium with basidiospores, which then form a mushroom.

Agaricomycetes

Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)

The sexual reproduction of Deuteromycota has never been observed, however they do reproduce asexually. Deiteromycota undergoes sporogenesis like other fungi, when cells split apart, and create a copy of the fungus.

Aspergillus niger

Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)

Reproduces asexually or sexually. In axexual reproduction the fungus undergoes fission, and cells split apart, to create a copy of the fungus which can split apart. The spores formed by asexual reproduction are called conidia. In sexual reproduction, two gametes have to combine.

Pezizomycotina

Zygomycota

Reproduces Asexually or Sexually. In asexual reproduction, hyphae produce sporangium, which burst to release spores, which then germinate and produce more fungi. In sexual reproduction, gametes form at the top of hyphae, and combine with each other to reproduce.

Rhizopus stolonifer

Plantae

Angiosperms

Angiosperms successfully adapted from water to land, through adaptations such as, a good reproductive strategy which uses insects to transfer pollen.

P. Anthophyta (Flowering Plants)

Helianthus annuus

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms successfully adapted from water to land through adaptations such as, a good vascular structure to stand upright, and a waxy cuticle to retain moisture. Gymnosperms are also good at reproducing as they use wind to reproduce.

P. Ginkophyta (Ginkgo)

Ginkgo biloba

P. Gnetophyta

Ephedra antisyphilitica

P. Cycadophyta (Cycads)

Stangeria eriopus

P. Coniferophyta (Conifers)

Pinus

Seedless Vascular

Seedless vascular plants successfully adapted from water to land through adaptations such as, developing a vascular system to transport nutrients, and using wind to blow its spores away, and reproduce.

P. Lycophyta (Club Mosses)

Lycopodium clavatum

P. Pterophyta (Ferns, Whisk Ferns, Horsetails)

Matteuccia struthiopteris

Bryophytes

Bryophytes successfully adapted from water to land through adaptations such as, a waxy cuticle to retain moisture.

P. Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

Ceratophyllum demersum

P. Hepaticophyta (Liverworts)

Marchantia polymorpha

P. Bryophyta (Mosses)

Hypnum cupressiforme

Protista

Fungus Like

Saprophytic Heterotrophic

Water Molds

Peronosporales

Cellular Slime Molds

Dictyostelium

Acellular Slime Molds

Red Raspberry Slime Mold

Animal Like

Autotrophic

Sporozoan

Non Motile (Do Not Move)

Plasmodium

Zooflagellates

Move By Beating A Long Whip Like Flagella

Trypansoma gambiense

Ciliates

Tiny Hairs Around Organism Called Cilia Propel It

Paramecium caudatum

Sarcodines

Pseudopods (False Feet) Stretch Towards Prey

Ameoba proteus

Plant Like

Heterotrophic

Eugenoids

Euglena

Dinoflagellates

Gonyaulax catenella

Rhodophyta

Red Algae

Archaea

Archaebacteria

Methanobrevibacter smithii

Bacteria

Eubacteria

Spirillum (Spiral Shaped)

Campylobacter jejuni

Bacillus (Rod Shaped)

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Coccus (Spherical)

Streptococcus pyogenes