Categorization of Language Learning Strategies (LLS)
Rubin's (1987)
Social Strategies
activities in which learners are opportunities that can be a great help to practice their knowledge
Communication Strategies
Subtopic
to make use of one's linguistic or communicative knowledge to remain in the conversation
Learning Strategies
Metacognitive Learning Strategies
Planning, prioritizing, setting goals and and self-management
are used to supervise, control or self-direct language learning
Cognitive Learning Strategies
Clarification,verification, guessing, inductive inferencing,deductive reasoning, practice, memorizatio and monitoring
involves direct analysis,synthesis, transformation of learning materials
Stern (1992)
Interpersonal Strategies
learners need to have communication with native speakers and cooperate with them
monitor the learners' development and evaluate their performance
Cognitive Strategies
the purpose is to avoid interuupting the course of information
involve the use of verbal and nonverbal instruments for the useful transfer of knowledge
Gesturing,paraphrasing, or asking for repetition and explanation are methods employed by learners to keep the cobersation going
Management and Planning Strategies
figures
Decide what dedications to make tolanguage learning
Set reasonable objectives
Decide on suitable methodology,select proper resources and monitor progress
Main topic
Oxford (1990)
- memory strategies are often used for memorizing vocabular and structures in initial stages of language learning
identifying one's mood and anxiety level,about
feelings, rewarding oneself for good performance, and using deep breathing or positive self
Affective Strategies
Compensantory Strategies
help the learner make up for missing knowledge
- Example : guessing from the context in listening and reading, using synonyms,
-Various memory related strategies enable
learners to learn and retrieve information in an orderly string (e.g., acronyms).
Memory-related strategies
