Sample Mind Map

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Categorization of Language Learning Strategies (LLS)

Rubin's (1987)

Social Strategies

activities in which learners are opportunities that can be a great help to practice their knowledge

Communication Strategies

Subtopic

to make use of one's linguistic or communicative knowledge to remain in the conversation

Learning Strategies

Metacognitive Learning Strategies

Planning, prioritizing, setting goals and and self-management

are used to supervise, control or self-direct language learning

Cognitive Learning Strategies

Clarification,verification, guessing, inductive inferencing,deductive reasoning, practice, memorizatio and monitoring

involves direct analysis,synthesis, transformation of learning materials

Stern (1992)

Interpersonal Strategies

learners need to have communication with native speakers and cooperate with them

monitor the learners' development and evaluate their performance

Cognitive Strategies

the purpose is to avoid interuupting the course of information

involve the use of verbal and nonverbal instruments for the useful transfer of knowledge

Gesturing,paraphrasing, or asking for repetition and explanation are methods employed by learners to keep the cobersation going

Management and Planning Strategies

figures

Decide what dedications to make tolanguage learning

Set reasonable objectives

Decide on suitable methodology,select proper resources and monitor progress

Main topic

Oxford (1990)

- memory strategies are often used for memorizing vocabular and structures in initial stages of language learning

identifying one's mood and anxiety level,about feelings, rewarding oneself for good performance, and using deep breathing or positive self

Affective Strategies

Compensantory Strategies

help the learner make up for missing knowledge

- Example : guessing from the context in listening and reading, using synonyms,

-Various memory related strategies enable learners to learn and retrieve information in an orderly string (e.g., acronyms).

Memory-related strategies