Concept Map 3

DMD Gene (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy gene)

por Jasmine Jing

Six nutrient

por Olasunbo Fatusin

DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

por Prayukta Padelkar

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

por Anni Yang

Floating topic

Experiments

Hershey and Chase

DNA Phosphorus

Settled in pellet

protein Sulfur

Found in supernatum

Subtopic

Griffiths

proved genetic material could be passed through bacteria

DNA Replication

unzipped by Helicase

kept apart by SSB

stress relieved by topoisomerase

replication begins at ORI

5' to 3' direction

leading strand with primase and DNA pol III

lagging strand and DNA pol I

direction of replication goes into fork and ligase seals gaps

semi conservative proved by Messleson and Stahl experiment

short GC rich sequences create mRNA foldiing

without rho factor

Promotes mRNA polymerase dissociation

requires ATP

with rho factor

Vesicle

Golgi Body

Plasma Membrane

Lysosome

Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase

initiator tRNA scans mRNA for start codon & large subunit joins the translation initiation complex (other proteins called initiation factors may be involved)

in the ER, translation continues and the signaling peptide is cleaved by an enzyme called Signal Peptidase

no tRNA corresponds to a stop codon, so a release factor in the A site disassociates the complex and stops translating the mRNA (a GTP driven process)

in the elongation stage, a polypeptide chain begins as new amino acids are brought to the A site and attached to the previous one. the empty tRNA moves then moves to the P site after the amino acid chain was transferred

Gene Expression

Distal

Enhancers

Proximal

bind general transcription factors

Prokaryotes

Lac operon

Lactose present

repressor binds to Lactose

Glucose present

Adenylyl cyclase is inactive

cAMP levels are low

CAP is inactive

Operon is OFF

Adenylyl cyclase is active

cAMP levels High

CAP is active

Operon is ON

repressor binds to operator

Operon is OFF basil

Binding of RNA to DNA

Promoter

sigma factor of polymerase recognizes promoter region

not transcribed

recognized even in helical double stranded form

Orientation to polymerase

initiation of transcription

RNA polymerase

elongation in 5' to 3' direction

creates phosphodiester bond between NTP and sugar

protein

nucleosomes

DNA

histones

H2B

H2A

histone core

Archae

RNA Polymerase and other transcriptional factors

Specific

changes level of transcription

Repressors

Activators

General

background/basil

three multimeric structures

RNA polymerase III synthesizes small RNA such as tRNA

RNA polymerase I synthesized rRNA

RNA polymerase II primary one

Orientation and facilitates RNA Polymerase Binding

elongation

termination

inactivated by phosphatases

site for addition of poly A tail

poly A tail

methylation

capping

ribonucleotide triphosphates

phosphate group

ribose sugar

sugar phosphate backbone

encodes

Nitrogenous base pair

Pyrimides

Single-ring structure

CTP

purines

GTP

ATP

UTP

Double-ringed structure

DNA template

only one strand of DNA is used as a template

mRNA

Translation/Protein Movement

Proteins in the Endomembrane System

Nucleus

Chloroplasts

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria

Secretory Pathway

Polypeptide synthesis on a free ribosome

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cytoplasm

Steps in Translation

Prokaryotic

Elongation

Termination

Eukaryotic

Initiation

Ribosomes

Large and Small subunits

codons

tRNA

Binding Sites

E site

P Site

Peptidyl Transferase

A Site

Amino Acids

anticodons

transcription

occurs downstream from +1

promoter found upstream

Eukaryotes

transcription in nucleus

RNA pol II

pre-mRNA

RNA splicing

introns are spliced out

exons remain in final mRNA

5' end cap and 3' poly A tail

prokaryotes

transcription in cytoplasm

RNA pol

Transcetylase

Permease

Beta Galactosidase

The process of gene expression involves multiple stages including transcription and translation, each regulated by various proteins and enzymes. Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase, which synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.