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Walter Reckless began developing Containment Theory by focusing on a youth's self-conception or self-image of being a good person as an insulator against peer pressure to engage in delinquency. This inner containment through self-images is developed within the family and is essentially formed by about the age of twelve. Outer containment was a reflection of strong social relationships with teachers and other sources of conventional socialisation within the neighbourhood. The basic proposition is there are "pushes" and "pulls" that will produce delinquent behavior unless they are counteracted by containment. If the motivations to deviant acts are strong and containment is weak, then crime is highly likely to follow.
Differntial Oppourtunity theory
The principles of Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association can be summarized into nine key points:
1. Criminal behavior is learned.
2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.
3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups.
4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes simple and the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.
5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.
6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law.
7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.
9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those needs and values, since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.
source:Wikipedia
AnomieTheory
--Emile Durkheim--
Social crisis causes people to adpot criminal .values
StrainTheory
Radical Crime Theory
-- Turk--
-Has Advantages over all class'
-Control gov't , pass laws
Middle Class Measuring Rod Theory
--Cohen--
-Values -> Be poliet, patient, hard working, school oriented etc.
Lower Class Focal concern Theory
--Miller--
- Hide things from police
-do things on their own
-If you're a teen you need to build rep by being tough and winning fights.
Differential AssociationTheory
-- Edwin Sutherland--
- Criminal conductis learned by peers
-Methods and Motives
social learning theory
-- Ronald Akers--
The first two stages were used by Edwin Sutherland in his Differential Association Theory. Sutherland’s model for learning in a social environment depends on the cultural conflict between different factions in a society over who has the power to determine what is deviant. But his ideas were difficult to put into operation and measure quantitatively. Burgess, a behavioural sociologist, and Akers revised Sutherland’s theory and included the idea of reinforcement, which increases or decreases the strength of a behaviour, and applied the principles of Operant Psychology, which holds that behaviour is a function of its consequences (Pfohl, 1994).
Labeling Theory
--Edwin Lemert--
-Primary vs. Secondary Deviance
-Once people start "labeling" an offender they will live up to that image.
Social Control Theory
Travis Hirschi(1935- )
Why DON'T poeple commit crimes?
Because they are "bonded" or connected to society in meaningful way.
the four elements of Bond:
What motivates someone to deviance?
We assume, in contrast, that there s a variation in the extent to whcih people believe they should obey the rules of society,and,furthermore, that the less a person believes he/she should obey the rules,ther more likely he/she is to violate them.
Chicago School Theory
-- Applied to humas who are considered responsible for their own destinies, the school believed that the natural enviroment which the community inhaibits is a major factor in shaping human behavior.
Study specific spots on map of chicago for the place of ocurrence of specific behaviors, including alcoholim, homicdes, suicides , psychoses, and poverty and then computing rates based on cesus data.
Broken Window Theory
-- Lawerence Kohlberg--
His theory holds that moral reasoning, which is the basis for ethical behaviro, has six identifiable developmental constructive states- each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than the last.
- preconventional
Obedience and punishment orientation
( How can I avoid punishment?)
Self-interest orientation
(whats in it for me?)
-Conventional
Interpersonal accord and conformity
(good girl/boy attitude)
Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
(law and order moral)
-post conventional
Social contract orientation
Universial ethical principles
(principled conscience)
According to moral development theory of crime, some people get stuck at the lowes levels of development and cant properly decide right from wrong in their moral choices as adults.
Deals with people not being able to feel empathy for others.
Founder- Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
Conscious vs Subconscious mind
3 parts:
According to Pychoanalysis theory of crime, there are three likely criminally influencing factors:
Men Who carry an extra Male or Y hromosome in their body cells tend to be criminally violent.
- overaggressive "supermales"
50 to 60 times more prevalant among convicts than in the general population.
Jerome Lejeune 1961 discovered chromosomal abnormality that leads to mongolism , agreed with montagu hduring testimony at the Hugon Trial. " There are no born criminals," " But persons with the XYY defect have considerably Higher Chances".
Low IQ's dont make as good decisions as people with higher IQ's.
Mental Age
-- William Sheldon--
Combination of biological and psychological influences.
Body Type ((3))->Personality-> Crime.
-Ectomorph- is characterized by long arms and legs and a short upper body, high forehead, slightly narrow shoulders, and supposedly have a higher proportion of nervous tissue. They also have long and thin muscles.
Mesomorph-A person who has a mesomorphic body type. Naturally muscular, has a trim waist and can easily lose and gain fat and muscle weight
Endomorph-is characterized by an increased amount of fat storage, due to having a larger number of fat cells than the average person, as well as higher proportion of digestive tissue. They have a wide waist and a large bone structure.
-- F. Gall--
Crime-Behavior- Brain
Bad Behavior = something wrong with brain= problem with brain= problem with skull
By looking at characteristics of skull size, shape,etc. we can predict crime
Created by C.Lambroso
"Father Of Modern Criminology"
Opposite of evolution,demonstrated by physical traits
In criminology, the Rational Choice Theory adopts a Utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational choice.
-- J.Bentham--
- Pleasure vs. Pain
- Decesions are like a formula
--C. Beccaria--
-Punishment is key
