Phonetics

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History of the IPA

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Phonetics

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Phonetics Inventory and structure of the sounds of language. It has two approachings:

Acoustic Phonetics Studies the psysics of speech sound

Articulatory Phonetics Studies the psysiological mechanism of the speech production

SOUND CLASSES

GLIDES

Or semivowel is a sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound but funtions as the syllable boundary rather than as the nucleus of a syllable

CONSONANTS

Are produced with a narrow or complete closure in the vocal tract

Are generally not syllable

Are less sonorous than vowels

VOCALS

Are syllable

Are sonorous

Are produced with relatively little obstruction in the vocal tract.

THE SOUND PRODUCING SYSTEM

The speech production mechanism consists of an air supply, a sound source that sets the air in motion, and a set of filters and resonators that modifies the sound in differents ways. All these parts form what we know as VOCAL TRACT

SOME FILTERS

NASAL CAVITY

ORAL CAVITY

PHARYNX

LARYNX. Known as the sound source, voice box or Adam´s Apple. It contains :

GLOTTIS Space between the vocal folds and where glottal states are produced

GLOTTAL STATES These are produced depending of the vocal folds positioning. Some of them are:

MURMUR

WHISPER

VOICING

VOICELESSNESS

VOCAL FOLDS

LUNGS

They are the source of moving air. We need take air into the lungs and then expel it during speech with certain air pressure maintained by the action of various set of muscles, among them:

DIAPHRAGM

INTERCOSTALS

PHONETICS TRANSCRIPTION

Represents each sound of human speech with a single symbol. These symbols are enclosed in brackets / /. It requires a system:

The International Phonetics Alphabet IPA is the best-known system for transcribing the sound of speech. This system represents speech in the form of:

SEGMENTS Which can be analyzed into smaller subunits called:

FEATURES Which reflect individual aspects of articulatory control or acoustic effects produced by articulation