Scientific Thinking: Toolbox

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History Chapter 7

luonut Elise Low

frazioni quotidiane

luonut Carolina Jimenez

Industrial Control Systems Security

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Validity Qualitative Research

luonut Lisette Reyes

Mindomo by Farah Anwar Mohamed Arafa Aya Sharaf

Scientific thinking toolbox

Paradigm

- Assumptions, concepts, values, practices form model of understanding - No contradiction

Deductive

- Start with general statement then examines possibilities to reach specific, logical conclusion

Inductive

- Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles

20 fallacies

straw man

confusion or correlation and causation

slippery slope

short term vs. long term

excluded middle, or false dichotomy

meaningless question

post hoc, ergo propter hoc

non sequitur

inconsistency

misunderstanding of the nature of statistics

statistics of small numbers

observational selection

begging the question

weasel words

suppresed evidence

special pleading

appeal to ignorance

argument from adverse consequences

argument from authority

ad hominem

research methods

case studies

surveys

natural observation

corrolation

experimental

wrong science

pathological: - Well intentioned science with almost imperceptible mistakes - Tricked into false results by subjective effects, wishful thinking or threshold interactions

Bad: - Scientific setup is wrong

Junk: - Good science to support a bad setting - Inaccurate analysis and data that is used to skew opinion or push agenda

pseudo: -based on theories and methods erroneously regarded as scientific - not consistent with the methods or principles of science - can’t be tested - lack evidence

process of science

conclusions

experiments

proposal = hypothesis

questions

observation

Ethics

science should be ethical

scientific experiment

number: must be large enough

control variable: constant in experiment

control group: experiment not applied on

dependent variable: depends on other variables

independent variable: does not depend on other variables

3 characteristics of scientific thinking

skepticism: questioning not rejection

rationalism

empirical evidence

Reliability

unbiased

testable

quantitative

measurable

empiricle

repeatable

timeline

Understand history easier

Task durations

overall view by scalling

appealing to audience

multimedia tolerent

ordered historical events

very visual

mindomo

Visualize thoughts

Organize ideas

presentation enhancement

high accessibility

user-friendly

learning tool

efficient communication