3 Ways of Categorizing LLS
Oxford (1990)
b) Indirect Strategies
3) Social Strategies
Empathising with others
Cooperating with others
Asking questions
2) Affective Strategies
Taking your emotional temperature
Encouraging yourself
Lowering your anxiety
1) Metacognitive Strategies
Evaluating your learning
Arranging and planning your learning
Centering your learning
a) Direct Strategies
iii) Compensation Strategies
Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing
Guessing intelligently
ii) Cognitive Strategies
Creating structures for input and output
Analyzing and reasoning
Receiving and sending messages
Practising
i) Memory Strategies
Employing actions
Reviewing well
Applying images and sounds
Creating mental linkages
Rubin (1981)
b) Processes that contribute indirectly to learning
Production tricks
Creates opportunities for practice
a) Strategies that directly affect learning
Practice
Deductive reasoning
Guessing/ inductive inferencing
Memorization
Monitoring
Clarification/ verification
O' Malley et al. (1985)
c) Social-affective Strategies
Questions for clarification
Cooperation
b) Cognitive Strategies
Inferencing
Transfer
Elaboration
Contextualization
Key word
Audio representation
Imagery
Recombination
Deduction
Note taking
Grouping
Translation
Resourcing
Repetition
a) Metacognitive Strategies
Self evaluation
Delayed production
Self monitoring
Functional planning
Self-management
Selective attention
Directed attention
Advanced organisers
